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Examples and explanations of various control structures in C programming language, including if statements, switch statements, while loops, for loops, and goto statements. It covers topics such as execution flow, decision making, looping, and branching.
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bdkbZ & 3
(Unit – 3)
fu;a=.k jpuk (Control Constructs)
,d izksxzke ds varxZr] okLrfod ‘C’ izksxzke dqN fo”ks’k fcUnqvksa ij rkfdZd ijh{k.k dh ekax dj ldrk gSA rkfdZd ijh{k.k ds ifj.kke ds vk/kkj ij] fofHkUu laHkkfor fØ;kvksa esa ls ,d fØ;k vxys pj.k dh vksj ys tk;h tkrh gSA bls izfrca/kkRed “kk[kk (conditional branching) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl rkfdZd ijh{k.k esa mi;ksx vkus okys dFkuksa ds ckjs esa vc ge ppkZ djsaxsA
dFkuksa ds fu’iknu (execution) ds izokg dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, if dFku dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA if dFku ,d f}&ekxhZ fu.kZ; (two-way decision) dFku gSA bldk mi;ksx O;atd ds lkFk la;qDr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl dFku dk :i fuEu gS% if(izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k) if dks ges”kk dks’Bd (parentheses) ds ;qXe ls f?kjk gksuk pkfg,A ;fn izfrca/k lR; u gks] rks dFku iznf”kZr ugha gksrk gSA if dFku dk O;kid :i fuEu gS%
if(izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k ) { dFku foHkkx; } vxyk dFku; dFku foHkkx dFkuksa dk lewg gks ldrk gS ;k ,d ,dy dFku gks ldrk gSA ;fn izfrca/k lR; gS] rks dFku foHkkx fu’ikfnr gksxk( vU;Fkk dFku foHkkx NwV tk;sxk vkSj vxyk dFku fu’ikfnr gksxkA
/* Use of if statement */ #include main( ) { int number; printf(“Enter a number less than 100\n”); scanf(“%d”, &number); if(number <= 100) printf(“Well done”); }
;gk¡ mijksDr izksxzke ds fu’iknu (execution) ij] ;fn ge 100 ls de ;k mlds cjkcj dh la[;k dk buiqV djrs gSa] rks gesa printf( ) ds }kjk ,d lans”k izkIr gksrk gSA ;fn ge 100 ls cM+h fdlh la[;k dk buiqV djrs gSa] rks izksxzke dqN ugha djrk gSA
/* Use of if statement */
Enter basic pay 8275 net salary = 14067.
if-else dFku dk eq[; mn~s”; izfrca/k ds lR; gksus ij dFkuksa ds ,d lewg dks fu’ikfnr djuk gS] vkSj izfrca/k ds vlR; gksus ij dFkuksa ds nwljs lewg dks fu’ikfnr djukA if-else dFku dk O;kid :i fuEu gS% if(izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k ) { lR; dFku foHkkx } else { vlR; dFku foHkkx } vxyk dFku ;gk¡ ;fn izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k lR; gS] rks lR; dFku foHkkx fu’ikfnr gksxk( vU;Fkk vlR; dFku foHkkx fu’ikfnr gksxkA nwljh n”kk esa ;k rks lR; Hkkx ;k vlR; Hkkx fu’ikfnr gksxk] nksuksa ughaA
10% Øe”k% eagxkbZ HkÙkk vkSj edku fdjk;k HkÙkk ewY;kafdr fd;k tkrk gSA dqy osru dh x.kuk gsrq ,d izksxzke fyf[k,A
/* Calculation of net salary / #include main ( ) { int basic; float net, da, hra; printf(“Enter basic pay\t”); scanf(“%d”, &basic); if (basic<10000) { da = basic0.50; hra= basic0.20; net = basic + da + hra; } else { da = basic0.40; hra = basic*0.10; net = basic + da + hra; } printf(“net salary = %f”, net); }
Enter basic 8475 net salary = 14407. Enter basic 10325 net salary = 15487.
tc fu.kZ;ksa dh ,d Js.kh mifLFkr gksrh gS] rc ge if-else dFku dks tkyd ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs gSaA if-else dFku ds tkyd dk O;kid :i fuEu gS%
if (izfrca/k) ;g djsa; else { if (izfrca/k ) { ;g djsa; vkSj ;g; } else { ;g djsa; vkSj ;g; } } ;k if (izfrca/k) { if (izfrca/k ) ;g djsa; else { ;g djsa; vkSj ;g; } } else ;g djsa;
/* Program to finding the highest of three values */ #include main ( ) { float a, b, c; printf(“Enter the three values\n”);
next statement; tgk¡
Words Meaning Expression Integer expression or characters Case Constants or constant expression. It is end with a colon (:) Block Statements list that may contain zero or more statements Break Signals the end of a particular case and causes an exit from the switch statement Default It is optional (may be present or not present). 1.In present position:- If the value of the expression does not match with any of the case, then it will be execute. 2.In absent position:- If all matches fail, then no action takes place and the control goes to the next statement.
/* program to demonstrate the use of switch */
main( ) { float x, y, z; char c; printf(“Enter any two nos \n”); scanf(“%f%f”, &x, &y); printf(“\n1. Addition”); printf(“\n2. Subtracation”); printf(“\n3. Multiplication”); printf(“\n4. Division”); printf(“\n Enter Your Choice 1-4:”); c = getchar( ); switch( c) { case 1: z = x + y ; printf(“Result=%f”, z); break; case 2: z = x – y; printf(“Result = %f”, z); case 3: z = x*y; printf(“Result = %f”, z); case 4: z = x/y; printf(“Result = %f”, z);
default: printf(“Your choice is not correct\n”); } } OUTPUT Enter any two nos 3 5 1.Addition 2.Subtraction 3.Multiplication 4.Division Enter your choice 1 – 4: 1 z = 8
Looping: dHkh&dHkh izksxzke ds fy, ;g okafNr gksrk gS fd funsZ”kksa dk ,d lewg ckj&ckj fu’ikfnr gks tc rd fd dqN rkfdZd izfrca/k larq’V gksrs gksaA ;g fof/k ywfiax (looping) dgykrh gSA izR;sd izksxzke ywi (program loop) nks [k.Mksa dks j[krk gS] ,d ywi dk “kjhj (body of the loop) vkSj nwljk fu;a=.k dFku (control statement)A fu;a=.k dFku izfrca/kksa dk ijh{k.k djrk gSA izfrca/kksa ds ijh{k.k ds mijkUr fu;a=.k dFku ywi ds “kjhj esa fLFkr dFkuksa ds iqujko`fÙk fu’iknu dks funsZf”kr djrk gSA
fu;a=.k lajpuk dks ywi esa fu;a=.k dFku dh fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij fuEu izdkj oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS%
Entry Entry
False Body of Condition the loop
True
Body of Condition False The loop
True
Entry Control Exit Control ywfiax izkslsl ds fu;e (Rules of Looping Process):
Simple interest = Rs.54. Enter values of pr, rate and n 700 4 4 Simple interest = Rs.112. Enter values of pr, rate and n 800 5 5 Simple interest = Rs.200. Enter values of pr, rate and n 900 6 6 Simple interest = Rs.324.
#include< stdio.h> main( ) { int x = 1; while (x=<20) printf(“%d\n”, x ); }
mijksDr izksxzke esa pawfd x lnSo 1 jgrk gS] blfy, ;g ,d vfuf”pr ywi gSA bldk lgh :i fuEu gS%
#inciude main( ) { int x =1; while(x<=10) { printf(“%d\n”, x); x = x +1; } }
ge ywi dkmUVj esa of} ds LFkku ij ákl dj ldrs gSa] vkSj ywi ds “kjhj ds fu’iknu dh iqujkofÙk dks O;ofLFkr j[k ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,%
#include main( ) { int x = 10; while (x >=1) { printf(“\n How are you?”, x); x = x -1; } } ywi dkmUVj flQZ int :i dk gh ugha gksrk gSA ;g float :i dk Hkh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,%
#include main( ) { float x = 20.0; while (x<= 20.5) { printf ( “\n I am fine”, x); x = x + 0.1; } } vfuf”pr ywi (indefinite loop) dk fuEu mnkgj.k ns[ksa] tks dksbZ vkmViqV ugha nsxk D;ksafd geus while ds mijkUr vlko/kkuhiwoZd ,d semicolon (;) j[kk gSA
#include main( ) { int x = 1; while (x<=20); { printf(“%d\n”, x); x = x +1; } }
vc ge 1 ls 20 rd dh la[;kvksa dks while loop dh lgk;rk ls fofHkUu vkWijsVlZ dk mi;ksx dj fofHkUu :iksa esa eqfær djus dh ppkZ djsaxsA (1) #include main( ) { int x = 1; while (x<=20) { printf(“%d\n”, x); x = x +1; } }
(2) #include main( ) { int x =1; while (x<= 20) { printf(“%d\n”, x); x + +;
do-while ywi esa ywi ds vUrxZr dFkuksa ds fu’iknu ds mijkUr izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k gksrk gSA bldk O;kid :i fuEu gS%
do { ywi dk “kjhj } while(izfrca/k) tc ge do dFku ij igq¡prs gSa] rc ywi dk “kjhj (body of the loop) loZizFke ewY;kafdr gksrk gSA ywi ds vUr esa while dFku esa fLFkr izfrca/k eqY;kafdr gksrs gSaA tc rd izfrca/k lR; jgrk gS] rc rd ywi dk “kjhj yxkrkj ewY;kafdr gksrk jgrk gS] vU;Fkk ywi lekIr gks tk;sxk vkSj fu;a=.k ml dFku ij pyk tkrk gS tks while dFku ds mijkUr izdV gksrk gSA bls fudkl fu;af=r ywi (Exit Controlled Loop) Hkh dgrs gSaA
/* program to display the integers 1 through 20 */ #include main( ) { int x = 1; do printf(“%d\n”, x + +); while(x<=20); } OUTPUT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
for ywi ,d izos”k fu;af=r ywi (entry controlled loop) gSA ;g lcls izfl} ywi fu;a=.k lajpuk (looping controlled structure) gSA ywi ds ckjs esa fuEu rhu fcUnq ,d gh iafDr esa mYysf[kr gksus pkfg,%
/* Program to calculate the simple interest using for loop / #include main( ) { int ctr, n; float pr, rate, si; for(ctr = 1; ctr<=5; ctr = ctr + 1) { printf(“Enter the value of pr, rate and n\n”); scanf(“%f%f%d”, &pr, &rate, &n); si = prn*rate/100; printf(“Simple interest = Rs.%f”, si); ctr = ctr + 1; } }
Enter values of pr, rate and n 500 2 2 Simple interest = Rs.20. Enter values of pr, rate and n 600 3 3 Simple interest = Rs.54. Enter values of pr, rate and n 700 4 4 Simple interest = Rs.112. Enter values of pr, rate and n 800 5 5 Simple interest = Rs.200. Enter values of pr, rate and n 900 6 6 Simple interest = Rs.324.
;gk¡ for ywi esa izkjafHkd eku iznku djus vkSj o`f} djus gsrq nksuksa gh dk;Z ugha fd;s x;s gSa] ysfdu nks semicolon vko”;d gSaA
(5) #include main( ) { int i; for(i = 0; i + +<=20;) printf(“%d\n”, i); }
dHkh&dHkh dqN izfrca/kksa ds mifLFkr gksus ij ywi dk izn”kZu NksM+uk okafNr gks tkrk gSA ywi ds vanj ,d dFku ls nwljs dFku ij tkus dh vuqefr ‘C’ nsrk gS] lkFk gh ywi ds ckgj tkus dh HkhA dwn dh ;g izfØ;k break ;k goto ;k continue dFku ds mi;ksx ls laiUu gksrh gSA
goto dFku fu;a=.k dks izksxzke esa dgha Hkh LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ =qfV mifLFkr gks jgh gks] rks bl dFku dk mi;ksx ywi ds tky esa ls lcls vanj ds ywi ls ckgj vkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
tgk¡ “kk[kk fufeZr gksuh gS] ml LFkku dh igpku djus ds fy;s goto ,d label pkgrk gSA colon (:) dks label dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg, vkSj ;g dksbZ Hkh ekU; pj uke gks ldrk gSA label dks “kh?kz gh ml dFku ds iwoZ j[kuk pkfg, tgk¡ fu;a=.k dks LFkkukUrfjr gksuk gSA ;g izksxzke esa dgha Hkh gks ldrk gS] ;k rks goto label ds iwoZ ;k mijkUrA
;fn label igys gS] rks ,d ywi fufeZr gksxk vkSj dqN dFku ckj&ckj iznf”kZr gksaxs( bl izdkj dh dwn] i”p dwn (backward jumping) dgykrh gSA nwljh fLFkfr esa] ;fn label ckn esa gS] rks dqN dFku NwV tk;saxs vkSj bl izdkj dh dwn] vxz dwn (forward jumping) dgykrh gSA bldk O;kid :i fuEu gS%
(Backward Jump) (Forward Jump) label: goto label; statement; ………… ……….. ………… ………. label: goto label; statement;
/* Program to obtain the squire of an integer number */
main( ) { int x, y; readno : printf(“Enter any + ve number to get square, 0 to exist”); scanf (“%d”, &x);
if (x>0) { y = x*x; printf(“\nsquare of %d is %d”, x, y,); goto readno; } printf(“program terminated”); }
Enter any +ve number to get square, 0 to exit 4 square of 4 is 16
break dFku fcuk izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k fd;s geas fdlh Hkh {k.k ywi ds ckgj tkus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA ;fn fdlh ywi ds vanj break “kCn mifLFkr gS] rks fu;a=.k Loeso gh ywi ds ckgj vxys dFku ij pyk tkrk gSA ;fn ywi tky ;qDr gSa] rks break flQZ ,d gh ywi ds ckgj tk;sxkA
#include main( ) { int num, x; printf(“Enter a number”); scanf(“%d”, &num); x = 2; while(x<= num – 1) { if(num % x = = 0) { printf(“Not a prime number”); break; } x + +; } if(x = = num) printf(“Prime number”); } OUTPUT Enter a number 2 Prime number Enter a number 4 Not a prime number
int x, y, sum; for(x = 1; x< = 5; x + +) { for(y = 1; y< = 3; y + +) { sum = x + y; printf(“x = %d y = %d sum = %d\n”, x, y, sum); } } }
x = 1 y = 1 sum = 2 x = 1 y = 2 sum = 3 x = 1 y = 3 sum = 4 x = 2 y = 1 sum = 3 x = 2 y = 2 sum = 4 x = 2 y = 3 sum = 5 x = 3 y = 1 sum = 4 x = 3 y = 2 sum = 5 x = 3 y = 3 sum = 6 x = 4 y = 1 sum = 5 x = 4 y = 2 sum = 6 x = 4 y = 3 sum = 7 x = 5 y = 1 sum = 6 x = 5 y = 2 sum = 7 x = 5 y = 3 sum = 8
;gk¡ x ds izR;sd eku ds fy, vkarfjd ywi rhu ckj pfØr (cycled) gksrk gSA tc y dk eku 3 ls vf/kd gks tkrk gS] rc vkarfjd ywi lekIr gks tkrk gS( tcfd okg~; ywi rc lekIr gksrk gS] tc x dk eku 5 ls vf/kd gksA
1- dFkuksa ds fu’iknu (execution) ds izokg dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, if dFku dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 2- if-else dFku dk eq[; mn~s”; izfrca/k ds lR; gksus ij dFkuksa ds ,d lewg dks fu’ikfnr djuk gS] vkSj izfrca/k ds vlR; gksus ij dFkuksa ds nwljs lewg dks fu’ikfnr djukA 3- tc fu.kZ;ksa dh ,d Js.kh mifLFkr gksrh gS] rc ge if-else dFku dks tkyd ds :i esa iz;ksx djrs gSaA 4- switch dFku if-else dFku dk foLrkfjr :i gksrk gSA switch dFku }kjk Lohdkj fd;s tkus okyh “kk[kk dh fn”kk fdlh iw.kkZad pj ;k O;atd ds eku ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA 5- tc funsZ”kksa dk ,d lewg rc rd ckj&ckj fu’ikfnr gks tc rd fd dqN rkfdZd izfrca/k larq’V u gks tk;sa] rks ;g fof/k ywfiax (looping) dgykrh gSA 6- izos”k fu;af=r ywi esa ywi dk fu’iknu vkjaHk gksus ds iwoZ fu;a=.k izfrca/kksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA 7- fudkl fu;af=r ywi esa ywi ds “kjhj ds vfUre fcUnq ij ijh{k.k fu’ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA 8- while ywi izos”k fu;af=r ywi gS] vFkkZr~ izfrca/kksa dk ijh{k.k igys gksrk gSA 9- do-while ywi esa ywi ds vUrxZr dFkuksa ds fu’iknu ds mijkUr izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k gksrk gSA 10- for ywi ,d izos”k fu;af=r ywi (entry controlled loop) gSA
11- goto dFku fu;a=.k dks izksxzke esa dgha Hkh LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrk gSA 12- break dFku fcuk izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k fd;s geas fdlh Hkh {k.k ywi ds ckgj tkus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA 13- ywi ds vanj ds dFku] tks iznf”kZr ugha gksrs gSa] ls xqtjrs gq, continue dFku gesa fu;a=.k dks ywi ds izkjaHk esa j[kus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA 14- if dFku ds leku gh while vkSj for ywi Hkh tky ;qDr gks ldrs gSaA
vH;kl
¼v½ if dFku ls D;k le>rs gSa\ ,d mnkgj.k nsaA ¼c½ if-else dFku D;k gS] le>kb, ¼l½ if-else dFkuksa dk tky dSls fufeZr fd;k tkrk gS ¼n½ switch dFku D;k gS\ bldk iz;ksx D;ksa djrs gSa\ mnkgj.k nhft,A ¼b½ while ywi D;k gS\ ,d mnkgj.k nsaA ¼Q½ do-while ywi dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A ¼d½ for ywi ls D;k le>rs gSa\ ,d mnkgj.k nsaA ¼[k½ goto dFku dks Li’V djsaA ¼x½ break dFku dks mnkgj.k ds lkFk le>kb,A ¼?k½ continue dFku dh vo/kkj.kk dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A ¼p½ ywi~l dk tky dSls fufeZr fd;k trk gS ¼N½ ,d izksxzke fyf[k, tks rhu la[;kvksa esa ls cM+h la[;k dks pqus vkSj eqfær djsA ¼t½ ,d la[;k dk oxZ izkIr djus gsrq ,d izksxzke fyf[k,A ¼>½ fuEu n”kkvksa esa ,d laLFkk ds pkydksa dk chek djus gsrq ,d izksxzke fyf[k,A 1.;fn pkyd fookfgr gksA 2.;fn pkyd vfookfgr] iq:’k vkSj 25 o’kZ ls vf/kd dh mez dk gksA 3.;fn pkyd vfookfgr] efgyk vkSj 20 o’kZ ls vf/kd mez dh gksA
¼v½ dFkuksa ds fu’iknu (execution) ds izokg dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, ------- dFku dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ¼c½ tc funsZ”kksa dk ,d lewg rc rd ckj&ckj fu’ikfnr gks tc rd fd dqN rkfdZd izfrca/k larq’V u gks tk;sa] rks ;g fof/k --------- dgykrh gSA ¼l½ -------------- esa ywi ds “kjhj ds vfUre fcUnq ij ijh{k.k fu’ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA ¼n½ ------------ ywi esa ywi ds vUrxZr dFkuksa ds fu’iknu ds mijkUr izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k gksrk gSA ¼b½ ----------- dFku fu;a=.k dks izksxzke esa dgha Hkh LFkkukUrfjr dj ldrk gSA
¼v½ if-else dFku dk eq[; mn~s”; izfrca/k ds lR; gksus ij dFkuksa ds ,d lewg dks fu’ikfnr djuk gS] vkSj izfrca/k ds vlR; gksus ij dFkuksa ds nwljs lewg dks fu’ikfnr djukA ¼c½ izos”k fu;af=r ywi esa ywi dk fu’iknu gksus ds mijkar fu;a=.k izfrca/kksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ¼l½ while ywi izos”k fu;af=r ywi gS] vFkkZr~ izfrca/kksa dk ijh{k.k ckn esa gksrk gSA ¼n½ for ywi ,d izos”k fu;af=r ywi (entry controlled loop) gSA ¼b½ if dFku fcuk izfrca/k dk ijh{k.k fd;s geas fdlh Hkh {k.k ywi ds ckgj tkus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
