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C961 Technology Glossary Terms Latest Exam ination practices acceptable use policy (AUP) - ✅✅✅A document that stipulates restrictions and practices that a user must agree in order to use organizational computing and network resources. advanced persistent threat (APT) - ✅✅✅A network attack in which an intruder gains access to a network and stays there— undetected— with the intention of stealing data over a long period of time (weeks or even months). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) - ✅✅✅An agreement of the World Trade Organization that requires member governments to ensure that intellectual property rights can be enforced under their laws and that penalties for infringement are tough enough to deter further violations. anonymous expression - ✅✅✅The expression of opinions by people who do not reveal their identity. anonymous remailer service - ✅✅✅A service that allows anonymity on the internet by using a computer program that strips the originating header and/or IP address from the message and then forwards the message to its intended recipient. anti-SLAPP laws - ✅✅✅Laws designed to reduce frivolous SLAPPs (strategic lawsuit against public participation [SLAPP], which is a lawsuit filed by corporations, government officials, and others against citizens and community groups who oppose them on matters of concern). antivirus software - ✅✅✅Software that scans for a specific sequence of bytes, known as a virus signature, that indicates the presence of a specific virus. artificial intelligence systems - ✅✅✅The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach conclusions), and self-correction (using the outcome from one scenario to improve its performance on future scenarios). audit committee - ✅✅✅A group that provides assistance to the board of directors in fulfilling its responsibilities with respect to the oversight of the quality and integrity of the organization's accounting and reporting practices and controls, including financial statements and reports; the organization's compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; the qualifications, independence, and performance of the company's independent auditor; and the performance of the company's internal audit team. Bathsheba syndrome - ✅✅✅The moral corruption of people in power, which is often facilitated by a tendency for people to look the other way when their leaders act inappropriately. blended threat - ✅✅✅A sophisticated threat that combines the features of a virus, worm, Trojan horse, and other malicious code into a single payload. body of knowledge - ✅✅✅An agreed-upon sets of skills and abilities that all licensed professionals must possess.
botnet - ✅✅✅A large group of computers, which are controlled from one or more remote locations by hackers, without the knowledge or consent of their owners. breach of contract - ✅✅✅The failure of one party to meet the terms of a contract. breach of the duty of care - ✅✅✅The failure to act as a reasonable person would act. bribery - ✅✅✅The act of providing money, property, or favors to someone in business or government in order to obtain a business advantage. bring your own device (BYOD) - ✅✅✅A business policy that permits, and in some cases, encourages employees to use their own mobile devices (smartphones, tablets, or laptops) to access company computing resources and applications, including email, corporate databases, the corporate intranet, and the Internet. BSA | The Software Alliance (BSA) - ✅✅✅A trade group that represent the world's largest software and hardware manufacturers. business continuity plan - ✅✅✅A risk-based strategy that includes an occupant emergency evacuation plan, a continuity of operations plan, and an incident management plan with an active governance process to minimize the potential impact of any security incident and to ensure business continuity in the event of a cyberattack or some form of disaster. CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) - ✅✅✅Software that generates and grades tests that humans can pass and all but the most sophisticated computer programs cannot. certification - ✅✅✅Indicates that a professional possesses a particular set of skills, knowledge, or abilities, in the opinion of the certifying organization. Certification can also apply to products (e.g., the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo assures that the product has met rigorous interoperability testing to ensure that it will work with other Wi-Fi-certified products) and is generally voluntary. Child Online Protection Act (COPA) - ✅✅✅An act signed into law in 1998 with the aim of prohibiting the making of harmful material available to minors via the internet; the law was ultimately ruled largely unconstitutional. Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) - ✅✅✅An act passed in 2000; it required federally financed schools and libraries to use some form of technological protection (such as an internet filter) to block computer access to obscene material, pornography, and anything else considered harmful to minors. CIA security triad - ✅✅✅Refers to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. clinical decision support (CDS) - ✅✅✅A process and a set of tools designed to enhance healthcare-related decision making through the use of clinical knowledge and patient-specific information to improve healthcare delivery.
corporate social responsibility (CSR) - ✅✅✅The concept that an organization should act ethically by taking responsibility for the impact of its actions on its shareholders, consumers, employees, community, environment, and suppliers. cost per click (CPC) - ✅✅✅One of the two common methods of charging for paid media, where ads are paid for only when someone actually clicks on them. cost per thousand impressions (CPM) - ✅✅✅One of the two common methods of charging for paid media, where ads are billed at a flat rate per 1,000 impressions, which is a measure of the number of times an ad is displayed whether it was actually clicked on or not. cyberabuse - ✅✅✅Any form of mistreatment or lack of care, both physical and mental, based on the use of an electronic communications device that causes harm and distress to others. cyberespionage - ✅✅✅The deployment of malware that secretly steals data in the computer systems of organizations, such as government agencies, military contractors, political organizations, and manufacturing firms. cyberharassment - ✅✅✅A form of cyberabuse in which the abusive behavior, which involves the use of an electronic communications device, is degrading, humiliating, hurtful, insulting, intimidating, malicious, or otherwise offensive to an individual or group of individuals causing substantial emotional distress. cybersquatter - ✅✅✅A person or company that registers domain names for famous trademarks or company names to which they have no connection, with the hope that the trademark's owner will buy the domain name for a large sum of money. cyberstalking - ✅✅✅Threatening behavior or unwanted advances directed at an adult using the Internet or other forms of online and electronic communications; the adult version of cyberbullying. cyberterrorism - ✅✅✅The intimidation of government or civilian population by using information technology to disable critical national infrastructure (e.g., energy, transportation, financial, law enforcement, and emergency response) to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals. decision support system (DSS) - ✅✅✅A type of business information system used to improve decision making in a variety of industries. defamation - ✅✅✅Making either an oral or a written statement of alleged fact that is false and that harms another person. Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 - ✅✅✅An act passed in 2016 that amended the Economic Espionage Act to create a federal civil remedy for trade secret misappropriation.
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) - ✅✅✅A large federal agency with more than 240,000 employees and a budget of almost $65 billion whose goal is to provide for a "safer, more secure America, which is resilient against terrorism and other potential threats." design patent - ✅✅✅A type of patent that permits its owner to exclude others from making, using, or selling the design in question. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) - ✅✅✅Signed into law in 1998, the act addresses a number of copyright-related issues, with Title II of the act providing limitations on the liability of an Internet service provider for copyright infringement. disaster recovery plan - ✅✅✅A documented process for recovering an organization's business information system assets—including hardware, software, data, networks, and facilities— in the event of a disaster. distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack - ✅✅✅An attack in which a malicious hacker takes over computers via the Internet and causes them to flood a target site with demands for data and other small tasks. doxing - ✅✅✅Doing research on the internet to obtain someone's private personal information—such as home address, email address, phone numbers, and place of employment—and even private electronic documents, such as photographs, and then posting that information online without permission. duty of care - ✅✅✅The obligation to protect people against any unreasonable harm or risk. earned media - ✅✅✅Media exposure an organization gets through press and social media mentions, positive online ratings, reviews, tweets and retweets, reposts (or "shares"), recommendations, and so on. Economic Espionage Act (EEA) of 1996 - ✅✅✅An act passed in 1996 to help law enforcement agencies pursue economic espionage. It imposes penalties of up to $10 million and 15 years in prison for the theft of trade secrets. electronic health record (EHR) - ✅✅✅A comprehensive view of the patient's complete medical history designed to be shared with authorized providers and staff from more than one organization. electronic medical record (EMR) - ✅✅✅A collection of health-related information on an individual that is created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff within a single healthcare organization. Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) - ✅✅✅A system that enables purchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products based on a total of 51 environmental criteria. employee leasing - ✅✅✅A business arrangement in which an organization (called the subscribing firm) transfers all or part of its workforce to another firm (called the leasing firm), which handles all human resource related activities and costs, such as payroll, training, and the administration of employee benefits. The subscribing firm leases these workers to an organization, but they remain employees of the leasing firm.
H-1B visa - ✅✅✅A temporary work visa granted by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USGIS) for people who work in specialty occupations jobs that require a four-year bachelor's degree in a specific field, or equivalent experience. hate speech - ✅✅✅Persistent or malicious harassment aimed at a specific person that can be prosecuted under the law. health information exchange (HIE) - ✅✅✅The process of sharing patient-level electronic health information between different organizations. Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act) - ✅✅✅A program to incentivize physicians and hospitals to implement such systems. Under this act, increased Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements are made to doctors and hospitals that demonstrate "meaningful use" of electronic health record (EHR) technology. high-quality software systems - ✅✅✅Systems that are easy to learn and use because they perform quickly and efficiently; they meet their users' needs; and they operate safely and reliably so that system downtime is kept to a minimum. independent contractor - ✅✅✅An individual who provides services to another individual or organization according to terms defined in a written contract or within a verbal agreement. industrial espionage - ✅✅✅The use of illegal means to obtain business information not available to the general public. information security (infosec) group - ✅✅✅A group within an organization managing the processes, tools, and policies necessary to prevent, detect, document, and counter threats to digital and nondigital information, whether it is in transit, being processed, or at rest in storage. integrity - ✅✅✅Adherence to a personal code of principles. intellectual property - ✅✅✅Works of the mind—such as art, books, films, formulas, inventions, music, and processes—that are distinct and owned or created by a single person or group. Intellectual property is protected through copyright, patent, trade secret, and trademark laws. internal control - ✅✅✅The process established by an organization's board of directors, managers, and IT systems people to provide reasonable assurance for the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, the reliability of financial reporting, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Internet censorship - ✅✅✅The control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the internet. Internet filter - ✅✅✅Software that can be used to block access to certain websites that contain material deemed inappropriate or offensive.
intrusion detection system (IDS) - ✅✅✅Software and/or hardware that monitors system and network resources and activities and notifies network security personnel when it detects network traffic that attempts to circumvent the security measures of a networked computer environment. ISAE No. 3402 - ✅✅✅Developed to provide an international assurance standard for allowing public accountants to issue a report for use by user organizations and their auditors (user auditors) on the controls at a service organization that are likely to impact or be a part of the user organization's system of internal control over financial reporting. The international counterpart to SSAE No. 16. See also SSAE No. 16 audit report. ISO 9001 family of standards - ✅✅✅A set of standards written to serve as a guide to quality products, services, and management. It provides a set of standardized requirements for a quality management system. IT user - ✅✅✅A person who uses a hardware or software product; the term distinguishes end users from the IT workers who develop, install, service, and support the product. IT users need the product to deliver organizational benefits or to increase their productivity. John Doe lawsuit - ✅✅✅A type of lawsuit that organizations may file in order to gain subpoena power in an effort to learn the identity of anonymous internet users who they believe have caused some form of harm to the organization through their postings. labor productivity - ✅✅✅A measure of economic performance that compares the amount of goods and services produced (output) with the number of labor hours used in producing those goods and services. law - ✅✅✅A system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do. Leahy-Smith America Invents Act - ✅✅✅An act that changed the U.S. patent system so that the first person to file with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will receive the patent, not necessarily the person who actually invented the item first. libel - ✅✅✅A written defamatory statement. live telemedicine - ✅✅✅A form of telemedicine in which patients and healthcare providers are present at different sites at the same time; often involves a videoconference link between the two sites. logic bomb - ✅✅✅A type of Trojan horse malware that executes when it is triggered by a specific event or at a predetermined time. machine learning - ✅✅✅A type of artificial intelligence (AI), involves computer programs that can learn some task and improve their performance with experience. managed security service provider (MSSP) - ✅✅✅A company that monitors, manages, and maintains computer and network security for other organizations.
patent - ✅✅✅A grant of a property right issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to an inventor; permits its owner to exclude the public from making, using, or selling a protected invention, and allows for legal action against violators. patent infringement - ✅✅✅A violation of the rights secured by the owner of a patent; occurs when someone makes unauthorized use of another's patent. personal health record (PHR) - ✅✅✅Information from the electronic health record (EHR) that are routinely shared with the patient—such as personal identifiers, contact information, health provider information, problem list, medication history, allergies, immunizations, and lab and test results. phishing - ✅✅✅The act of fraudulently using email to try to get the recipient to reveal personal data. plagiarism - ✅✅✅The act of stealing someone's ideas or words and passing them off as one's own. policy - ✅✅✅The guidelines and standards by which the organization must abide. prior art - ✅✅✅The existing body of knowledge that is available to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property (PRO-IP) Act of 2008 - ✅✅✅An act that created the position of Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator within the Executive Office of the President. It also increased trademark and copyright enforcement and substantially increased penalties for infringement. problem statement - ✅✅✅A clear, concise description of the issue that needs to be addressed. procedure - ✅✅✅Defines the exact instructions for completing each task in a process. process - ✅✅✅A collection of tasks designed to accomplish a stated objective. professional code of ethics - ✅✅✅The principles and core values that are essential to the work of a particular occupational group. professional employer organization (PEO) - ✅✅✅A business entity that coemploys the employees of its clients and typically assumes responsibility for all human resource management functions. professional malpractice - ✅✅✅Breach of the duty of care by a professional.
quality management - ✅✅✅The defining, measuring, and refining of the quality of the development process and the products developed during its various stages. The objective of quality management is to help developers deliver high-quality systems that meet the needs of their users. redundancy - ✅✅✅The provision of multiple interchangeable components to perform a single function in order to cope with failures and errors. qui tam - ✅✅✅A provision of the False Claims Act that allows a private citizen to file a suit in the name of the U.S. government, charging fraud by government contractors and other entities who receive or use government funds. See also False Claim Act. résumé inflation - ✅✅✅Falsely claiming competence in a skill, usually because that skill is in high demand. ransomware - ✅✅✅Malware that stops you from using your computer or accessing your data until you meet certain demands, such as paying a ransom or sending photos to the attacker. reasonable assurance - ✅✅✅A concept in computer security that recognizes that managers must use their judgment to ensure that the cost of control does not exceed the system's benefits or the risks involved. reasonable person standard - ✅✅✅A legal standard that defines how an objective, careful, and conscientious person would have acted in the same circumstances. reasonable professional standard - ✅✅✅A legal standard that defendants who have particular expertise or competence are measured against. reliability - ✅✅✅A measure of the rate of failure in a system that would render it unusable over its expected lifetime. remote monitoring - ✅✅✅Also called home monitoring, it is the regular, ongoing, accurate measurement of an individual's vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate) and other health measures (e.g., glucose levels for a diabetic) and the transmission of this data to a healthcare provider. reverse engineering - ✅✅✅The process of taking something apart in order to understand it, build a copy of it, or improve it. risk - ✅✅✅The potential of gaining or losing something of value. Risk can be quantified by three elements: a risk event, the probability of the event happening, and the impact (positive or negative) on the business outcome if the risk does actually occur. risk assessment - ✅✅✅The process of assessing security-related risks to an organization's computers and networks from both internal and external threats.
social shopping platform - ✅✅✅A combination of shopping and social networking. Software & Information Industry Association (SIIA) - ✅✅✅A trade group that represents the world's largest software and hardware manufacturers. software engineer - ✅✅✅One who applies engineering principles and practices to the design, development, implementation, testing, and maintenance of software. software piracy - ✅✅✅A form of copyright infringement that involves making copies of software or enabling others to access software to which they are not entitled. spam - ✅✅✅The use of email systems to send unsolicited email to large numbers of people. spear phishing - ✅✅✅A variation of phishing in which the phisher sends fraudulent emails to a certain organization's employees. SSAE No. 16 audit report - ✅✅✅An auditing standard issued by the Auditing Standards Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). It demonstrates that an outsourcing firm has effective internal controls in accordance with the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. stakeholder - ✅✅✅Someone who stands to gain or lose, depending on how a particular situation is resolved. store-and-forward telemedicine - ✅✅✅The acquiring of data, sound, images, and video from a patient and then transmitting everything to a medical specialist for later evaluation. strategic lawsuit against public participation (SLAPP) - ✅✅✅A lawsuit filed by corporations, government officials, and others against citizens and community groups who oppose them on matters of concern. The lawsuit is typically without merit and is used to intimidate critics out of fear of the cost and effort associated with a major legal battle. supply chain sustainability - ✅✅✅A component of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that focuses on developing and maintaining a supply chain that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. telehealth - ✅✅✅Employs electronic information processing and telecommunications to support at-a-distance healthcare, provide professional and patient health-related training, and support healthcare administration. telemedicine - ✅✅✅A component of telehealth that provides medical care to people at a location different from the healthcare providers. trade secret - ✅✅✅Information, generally unknown to the public, that a company has taken strong measures to keep confidential.
trademark - ✅✅✅A logo, package design, phrase, sound, or word that enables a consumer to differentiate one company's products from another's. transference - ✅✅✅A risk management strategy in which the risk, should it happen, does not rest solely on one individual or organization. For example, a common way to accomplish risk transference is for an individual or an organization to purchase insurance, such as auto or business liability insurance. Another way to transfer risk is to outsource the risk by contracting with a third party to manage the risk. Transport Layer Security (TLS) - ✅✅✅A communications protocol or system of rules that ensures privacy between communicating applications and their users on the Internet. Trojan horse - ✅✅✅A seemingly harmless program in which malicious code is hidden. U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) - ✅✅✅Established in 2003 to protect the nation's Internet infrastructure against cyberattacks, it serves as a clearinghouse for information on new viruses, worms, and other computer security topics. Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) - ✅✅✅An act drafted in the 1970s to bring uniformity to all the United States in the area of trade secret law. utility patent - ✅✅✅A type of patent "issued for the invention of a new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or a new and useful improvement thereof, it generally permits its owner to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention for a period of up to 20 years from the date of patent application filing, subject to the payment of maintenance fees." vice - ✅✅✅A habit of unacceptable behavior. viral marketing - ✅✅✅An approach to advertising that encourages individuals to pass along a marketing message to others, thus creating the potential for exponential growth in the message's exposure and influence. virtue - ✅✅✅A habit that inclines people to do what is acceptable. virus - ✅✅✅A piece of programming code, usually disguised as something else, that causes a computer to behave in an unexpected and usually undesirable manner. virus signature - ✅✅✅A specific sequence of bytes that indicates to antivirus software that a specific virus is present. vishing - ✅✅✅Similar to smishing except that the victims receive a voice-mail message telling them to call a phone number or access a website. worm - ✅✅✅A harmful program that resides in the active memory of the computer and duplicates itself.
