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C.A.L.T Exam Study Guide
Alexia - โ๏ธ The loss of the ability to read, as the result of a brain injury. Apasia - โ๏ธ Impairs the ability to speak and understand others. Articulation - โ๏ธ The act or manner of producing sounds. Echolalia - โ๏ธ Imitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone. Hyperlexia - โ๏ธ The superior ability to reads words without comprehension. Lexicon - โ๏ธ An inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia Otitis Media - โ๏ธ Inflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss. Receptive Language Disorder - โ๏ธ The inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read. Expressive Language Disorder - โ๏ธ The inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct. Phonology - โ๏ธ Smallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat=3 phonemes (c) (a) (t). Syntax - โ๏ธ The grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases. Semantics - โ๏ธ Word meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop Discourse - โ๏ธ Written or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech. Morphology - โ๏ธ The smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words
Pragmatics - โ๏ธ Incapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes. Alphabetic Language - โ๏ธ A language in which letters are used systematically to represent speech sounds. Alphabetic Principle - โ๏ธ The use of letters and letter clusters to represent phonemes in an orthography. (spelling) Anglo Saxon - โ๏ธ The language of the Germanic peoples (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) who settles in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries. It was the dominant language in Britain until the Norman Conquest in
Analytic Instruction - โ๏ธ Instruction that separates the whole into its parts to reveal its relationships. (Whole to Part) (Top Down) (Concept driven) Analytic Phonics - โ๏ธ Students hear the whole word and segment into phonemes or sounds in order to spell. (whole to part) Ex: Pit = (p) (i) (t) Antonyms - โ๏ธ Words that are opposite in meaning. (semantics) Arbitrary Learning - โ๏ธ New learning that has no logical connection to already acquired knowledge or practical relationships. Auditory - โ๏ธ relating to or experienced through hearing. Visual Acuity - โ๏ธ Sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. EX: 20/20 vision Bottom-up Process - โ๏ธ Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of accurate sequential reading of every word. Comprehension is viewed as text driven rather than concept driven. (Part to whole) (Start from the bottom) Concept Driven Process - โ๏ธ Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of using one's experiences and expectations to react to text. Also called top-down process. (Whole to part) Cooperative Learning -
Greek - โ๏ธ The language of the ancient Greeks whose morphemes form scientific terms. Guided Discovery - โ๏ธ Manner of presenting new material or concepts so that they can be deduced or guided by the students. EX: self discovery, What do you notice? in pass, sass, tass Homographs - โ๏ธ Words that have different meanings but share the same spelling. Pronunciations may be same or different. (duck, duck) (bow, bow) Homonyms - โ๏ธ Words that have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. Spellings may be same or different. Ex: (lead, lead) (beet,beat)(sale, sail) Homophones - โ๏ธ Words that have different meanings and spellings but share the same pronunciation. EX: (for, four) (to, two, too) Idioms - โ๏ธ an expression having a meaning that cannot be derived from the meanings of the elements. EX: Take the bull by the horns does not mean what the words say. Implicit Instruction - โ๏ธ Instruction that implies understanding without being expressed. Also known as inferential instruction. Latin - โ๏ธ The language of the ancient Romans from which 60% of English words are derived. Linguistic - โ๏ธ Denoting language processing and language structure. Linguistics - โ๏ธ Study of the production, properties, structure, meaning and or use of language. Logographic Writing System - โ๏ธ A system in which pictures represent the words of language (Chinese). If English were treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 600,000 pictures. EX: Pictures rather than sound. Metaphor - โ๏ธ A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that means on thing is used, through implication, to mean something else. Ex: The ship plows the sea. Multiple Meanings - โ๏ธ Different meanings for the same word. EX: homographs
Polygot - โ๏ธ A language that is derived from several languages. English is a polygot language, derived from Anglo Saxon, Latin and Greek languages. Prefix - โ๏ธ A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning. Rapid Automatized Naming - โ๏ธ The rapid naming of a series of printed objects, colors, number or letters repeated over and over in random order. (RAN) Simile - โ๏ธ An explicit comparison of two unlike things, usually with the word like or as. Ex: (as busy as a bee) Suffix - โ๏ธ A letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change its meaning. Synonyms - โ๏ธ Words with similar meanings. (semantics) Syntax - โ๏ธ The system by which words may be ordered in phrases and sentences; sentence structure;grammar. Synthetic Instruction - โ๏ธ Instruction or a process that begins with the parts and builds to the whole. (part to whole) (bottom-up) (text driven) Synthetic Phonics - โ๏ธ Instruction that starts with individual letter sounds that are blended together to form a word. Ex: i=(i);t=(t);p=(p);n=(n) use the parts to form a word. (tip) (nip) (tin) (it) Encoding - โ๏ธ Spelling Decoding - โ๏ธ Reading Orthography - โ๏ธ Correct spelling, correct writing for sound VAK - โ๏ธ Visual, Auditory, Knesthetic Initial - โ๏ธ First or beginning
Combination - โ๏ธ A pattern of letters that occur frequently together, the pronunciation of at least one of the letters is unexpected. Trigraph - โ๏ธ Three adjacent letters that make one sound Diphthong - โ๏ธ Two vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds blend together in one syllable. Quadrigraph - โ๏ธ Four letters that make one sound Dieresis - โ๏ธ Two dots placed over the letter (a) to indicate its pronunciation, when the (a) stands before an (r) in the accented combination (star), after (w) (watch) and (qu) (squash), and to indicate the continental pronuciation (father) Derivative - โ๏ธ A word made from another by adding a suffix or prefix Visual Memory - โ๏ธ Ability to retain the visual image of a two-dimensional symbol Co-morbidity - โ๏ธ The coexistence of related disorders Congential - โ๏ธ Existing at or dating from birth Content Processor - โ๏ธ One of four interactive processors that serve as a model for how the reading system works. Processes the construction of the content with input from the phonological, orthographic and meaning processors. Double Deficit - โ๏ธ Deficit in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. Dyslexia - โ๏ธ A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin and is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling and decoding abilities. Deficit in the phonological component of language. Learning Disabilities -
โ๏ธ A generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning and mathematical abilities or social skills. Due to central nervous system dysfunction. Meaning Processor - โ๏ธ Processes knowledge of word meanings. Neuroimaging - โ๏ธ Diagnostic method of viewing brain structures and activity through the use of nuclear technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuropsychology - โ๏ธ A science that integrates psychological observations of behavior and mind with the observations of the brain Orthographic Processor - โ๏ธ Processes the perception of letter sequences Phonological Processing - โ๏ธ Perception, interpretation, recall and production of language at the level of the speech sound system. Phonological Processor - โ๏ธ Processes the mapping of letters to their spoken equivalents. Word Blindness - โ๏ธ Term used in the late 19th and early 20th century for dyslexia. Hinchelwood coined the term. ADHD - โ๏ธ Short attention span, hyperactive motor behavior, impulsive or poor impulse control, inattentive, does not finish things, fails to heed instructions, low frustration tolerance, difficulty completing tasks, restless, talks excessively, immature social behavior, fidget, etc. Dyscalculia - โ๏ธ Failure to learn quantity concepts, number symbols and manipulation of number symbols. Dysgraphia - โ๏ธ Difficulty in learning handwriting despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, etc. and difficulty in putting thoughts on paper. Dysnomia - โ๏ธ Difficulty in word finding. Ex: Can't find the word quick enough, whats that thing, that thing over there, that Dysphasia - โ๏ธ Loss of ability to use or understand language due to a brain injury or disease.
Percentile Rank - โ๏ธ How a student is achieving in comparison to the normative sample. Ex: Same for a child in CA as a child in NJ. Performance Assessment - โ๏ธ an assessment that is used to demonstrate competency. Reliability - โ๏ธ Consistency with which an assessment instrument measures information. Rubric - โ๏ธ Details the criteria used for scoring. Running Record - โ๏ธ Part of an informal reading assessment that identifies a student's error patterns and fluency Screening/Indicator - โ๏ธ An assessment that is giving to identify students at risk for reading difficulties. EX: QPS Standard Deviation - โ๏ธ The average variability of scores around the group mean. (bell curve) Standardized Tests - โ๏ธ Tests that carefully selected samples of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. EX: STAAR (same words, same room, same time, same season,etc) Summative Assessment - โ๏ธ An assessment that measures knowledge that has been gained. (Progress over the whole year or semester) Validity - โ๏ธ A statistical accuracy of an assessment instrument when compared to another assessment instrument. Criterion Referenced Tests - โ๏ธ Teacher made or assess a particular curriculum. Stanines - โ๏ธ Provide a single-digit scoring system with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2. The scores are expressed as whole numbers from 1 to 9. Accent - โ๏ธ Stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. Accuracy -
โ๏ธ Freedom from mistake or error Bound Morpheme - โ๏ธ A morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes. Ex: ed in landed, s in pits, pre in preview Breve - โ๏ธ A diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a short sound in a closed syllable, in which at least one consonant comes after the vowel in the same syllable. Chameleon Prefix - โ๏ธ A prefix whose final consonant changes based on the initial letter of the root. (in changes to ir before regular; irregular) Closed Syllable - โ๏ธ A syllable that ends in at least one consonant after one vowel. The vowel is short (pet, list, cusp) Combining Forms - โ๏ธ A root with which other roots and/or affixes may be combined to for compound words or derivatives (Usually Greek in origin (auto, bio, hemi)) Consonant le syllable - โ๏ธ A syllable in a final position of a word that ends in a consonant and le. Also known as final stable syllables. Fluency - โ๏ธ Translation of print to speech with accuracy, speed, prosody and comprehension. Free Morpheme - โ๏ธ A morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word. Also called unbound morphemes. (pit, hand, shine) Heterogeneous Practice - โ๏ธ A spelling or reading practice session with more than one focus. Homogeneous Practice - โ๏ธ A spelling or reading practice in which every word contains the same pattern or rule that is the single focus of practice. Macron - โ๏ธ A diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a long sound. Monosyllable - โ๏ธ A word of one syllable containing one vowel sound Onset -
