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CALT PRACTICE SOLUTION 2026 TEST
BANK VIEW AHEAD
⩥ Apasia. Answer: Impairs the ability to speak and understand others. ⩥ Articulation. Answer: The act or manner of producing sounds. ⩥ Echolalia. Answer: Imitation of the mother's sounds, rhythm and tone. ⩥ Hyperlexia. Answer: The superior ability to reads words without comprehension. ⩥ Lexicon. Answer: An inventory of word knowledge, either spoken or written. EX: dictionary, encyclopedia ⩥ Otitis Media. Answer: Inflammation of the middle ear that can lead to temporary conductive hearing loss or permanent hearing loss. ⩥ Receptive Language Disorder. Answer: The inability to understand or comprehend language heard or read.
⩥ Expressive Language Disorder. Answer: The inability to put thoughts into words or sentences in ways that make sense and is grammatically correct. ⩥ Phonology. Answer: Smallest unit of sound. The sounds of letters. Ex: Cat=3 phonemes (c) (a) (t). ⩥ Syntax. Answer: The grammar system of language. The way words are strung together. Ex: words and punctuation to form sentences, clauses or phrases. ⩥ Semantics. Answer: Word meaning in language. Ex: final destination = last stop ⩥ Discourse. Answer: Written or spoken communication or debate. Ex: Formal writing, a speech. ⩥ Morphology. Answer: The smallest unit of language that convey meaning. Ex: Root words ⩥ Pragmatics. Answer: Incapable of understanding the speakers intent (requests and tones) Ex: Can't you turn down the T.V.? = means no; not yes.
⩥ Visual Acuity. Answer: Sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. EX: 20/20 vision ⩥ Bottom-up Process. Answer: Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of accurate sequential reading of every word. Comprehension is viewed as text driven rather than concept driven. (Part to whole) (Start from the bottom) ⩥ Concept Driven Process. Answer: Theoretical view of reading as a process that consists of using one's experiences and expectations to react to text. Also called top-down process. (Whole to part) ⩥ Cooperative Learning. Answer: Instructional approach in which students work together rather than compete to solve a problem or complete a task.Ex: group work or PBL ⩥ Corrective Feedback. Answer: Teacher responses during and following practice of a skill that is sensitive to a student's level and that guides him or her closer to mastery. ⩥ Cumulative. Answer: Having a new learning that is based upon previously learned elements. Ex: Building knowledge as we go.
⩥ Diagnostic Teaching. Answer: Teaching that uses observation and formal and informal assessments to measure student progress against expected performance standards. Systematic, guided diagnoses of academic barriers. (Prescriptive teaching) ⩥ Direct Instruction. Answer: Instruction that is delivered without vagueness or ambiguity, leaving no question as to the meaning. (Explicit Instruction) ⩥ Domains of Language. Answer: Language systems. Phonology, syntax, morphology and orthography are language systems that deal with the form of language. Semantics deals with content of lang. and pragmatics deals with the use of lang. ⩥ Embedded Phonics. Answer: Phonological awareness and phonics taught implicitly through the reading of real words in text. (whole language) ⩥ Etymology. Answer: The history of word origins and development. ⩥ Euphony. Answer: Pleasing to the ear. Having a pleasing sound. Ex: illogical; not inlogical. (Chameleon Prefix)
⩥ Homonyms. Answer: Words that have different meanings but share the same pronunciation. Spellings may be same or different. Ex: (lead, lead) (beet,beat)(sale, sail) ⩥ Homophones. Answer: Words that have different meanings and spellings but share the same pronunciation. EX: (for, four) (to, two, too) ⩥ Idioms. Answer: an expression having a meaning that cannot be derived from the meanings of the elements. EX: Take the bull by the horns does not mean what the words say. ⩥ Implicit Instruction. Answer: Instruction that implies understanding without being expressed. Also known as inferential instruction. ⩥ Latin. Answer: The language of the ancient Romans from which 60% of English words are derived. ⩥ Linguistic. Answer: Denoting language processing and language structure. ⩥ Linguistics. Answer: Study of the production, properties, structure, meaning and or use of language. ⩥ Logographic Writing System. Answer: A system in which pictures represent the words of language (Chinese). If English were treated as a
logographic writing system, it would contain over 600,000 pictures. EX: Pictures rather than sound. ⩥ Metaphor. Answer: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that means on thing is used, through implication, to mean something else. Ex: The ship plows the sea. ⩥ Multiple Meanings. Answer: Different meanings for the same word. EX: homographs ⩥ Polygot. Answer: A language that is derived from several languages. English is a polygot language, derived from Anglo Saxon, Latin and Greek languages. ⩥ Prefix. Answer: A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a base word to change its meaning. ⩥ Rapid Automatized Naming. Answer: The rapid naming of a series of printed objects, colors, number or letters repeated over and over in random order. (RAN) ⩥ Simile. Answer: An explicit comparison of two unlike things, usually with the word like or as. Ex: (as busy as a bee)
⩥ Initial. Answer: First or beginning ⩥ Medial. Answer: Everything between first and last. ⩥ Final. Answer: Last or end ⩥ Grapheme. Answer: Visual shape or representation of a single letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound. ⩥ Phoneme. Answer: Speech sound, separate sound units of spoken words. c=(c) a=(a) t=(t) ⩥ Equivocal. Answer: Ambiguous, uncertain, a letter that represents more than one sound or a sound that is spelled more than one way. Ex: (k) k, c // ck, k, ke, c ⩥ Unequivocal. Answer: Clear, not doubtful, a letter that represents only one sound or is spelled only one way. Ex: (h) only one sound ⩥ Discovery Method of Teaching. Answer: Socratic teaching method of asking questions through guided discovery.
⩥ Multisensory Learning. Answer: Using all learning modalities. (VAKT) ⩥ Vowel. Answer: Open, voiced sound ⩥ Consonant. Answer: Blocked or partially blocked sound that is either voiced or unvoiced. ⩥ Base Word. Answer: Simplest form of an English word. ⩥ Affix. Answer: Letter or group of letters added to the beginning or end of a base word to change its meaning or its use in the sentence. ⩥ Auditory Memory. Answer: Ability to remember sounds in sequence. ⩥ Cognitive. Answer: Pertaining to the act or fact of knowing ⩥ Digraph. Answer: Two letter that come together to make one sound ⩥ Combination. Answer: A pattern of letters that occur frequently together, the pronunciation of at least one of the letters is unexpected. ⩥ Trigraph. Answer: Three adjacent letters that make one sound
construction of the content with input from the phonological, orthographic and meaning processors. ⩥ Double Deficit. Answer: Deficit in phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming. ⩥ Dyslexia. Answer: A specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin and is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling and decoding abilities. Deficit in the phonological component of language. ⩥ Learning Disabilities. Answer: A generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning and mathematical abilities or social skills. Due to central nervous system dysfunction. ⩥ Meaning Processor. Answer: Processes knowledge of word meanings. ⩥ Neuroimaging. Answer: Diagnostic method of viewing brain structures and activity through the use of nuclear technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ⩥ Neuropsychology. Answer: A science that integrates psychological observations of behavior and mind with the observations of the brain
⩥ Orthographic Processor. Answer: Processes the perception of letter sequences ⩥ Phonological Processing. Answer: Perception, interpretation, recall and production of language at the level of the speech sound system. ⩥ Phonological Processor. Answer: Processes the mapping of letters to their spoken equivalents. ⩥ Word Blindness. Answer: Term used in the late 19th and early 20th century for dyslexia. Hinchelwood coined the term. ⩥ ADHD. Answer: Short attention span, hyperactive motor behavior, impulsive or poor impulse control, inattentive, does not finish things, fails to heed instructions, low frustration tolerance, difficulty completing tasks, restless, talks excessively, immature social behavior, fidget, etc. ⩥ Dyscalculia. Answer: Failure to learn quantity concepts, number symbols and manipulation of number symbols. ⩥ Dysgraphia. Answer: Difficulty in learning handwriting despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, etc. and difficulty in putting thoughts on paper.
⩥ Curriculum Referenced Tests. Answer: Test in which items are taken from the curriculum used in the child's classroom so that he or she is not tested on material that have not been taught. May be standardized or informal. ⩥ Diagnosis. Answer: The act, process, or result of identifying the nature of a disorder or disability through observation and examination. ⩥ Formal Testing. Answer: Tests that are standardized using a carefully selected sample of people representative of a larger group of people for whom the test was created. Must be administered and scored by measures prescribed in a manual ⩥ Informal Testing. Answer: Tests that are structured but not standardized. Ex: classroom tests. They can be modified. ⩥ Interdisciplinary Evaluation. Answer: A thorough evaluation conducted by a team of specialists to determine the exact learning needs of a student and to propose an appropriate educational plan. ⩥ Modifications. Answer: A term used to refer to changes in how an alternate assessment is administered. Ex: 10 spelling words instead of
⩥ Norm Referenced Tests. Answer: Assessment of performance in relation to that of the norm group used in the standardization of the test. A standardized test that compares scores between a student and other children of the same age or grade level. ⩥ Percentile Rank. Answer: How a student is achieving in comparison to the normative sample. Ex: Same for a child in CA as a child in NJ. ⩥ Performance Assessment. Answer: an assessment that is used to demonstrate competency. ⩥ Reliability. Answer: Consistency with which an assessment instrument measures information. ⩥ Rubric. Answer: Details the criteria used for scoring. ⩥ Running Record. Answer: Part of an informal reading assessment that identifies a student's error patterns and fluency ⩥ Screening/Indicator. Answer: An assessment that is giving to identify students at risk for reading difficulties. EX: QPS ⩥ Standard Deviation. Answer: The average variability of scores around the group mean. (bell curve)
⩥ Bound Morpheme. Answer: A morpheme that must be attached to other morphemes. Ex: ed in landed, s in pits, pre in preview ⩥ Breve. Answer: A diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a short sound in a closed syllable, in which at least one consonant comes after the vowel in the same syllable. ⩥ Chameleon Prefix. Answer: A prefix whose final consonant changes based on the initial letter of the root. (in changes to ir before regular; irregular) ⩥ Closed Syllable. Answer: A syllable that ends in at least one consonant after one vowel. The vowel is short (pet, list, cusp) ⩥ Combining Forms. Answer: A root with which other roots and/or affixes may be combined to for compound words or derivatives (Usually Greek in origin (auto, bio, hemi)) ⩥ Consonant le syllable. Answer: A syllable in a final position of a word that ends in a consonant and le. Also known as final stable syllables. ⩥ Fluency. Answer: Translation of print to speech with accuracy, speed, prosody and comprehension.
⩥ Free Morpheme. Answer: A morpheme that can stand alone as a whole word. Also called unbound morphemes. (pit, hand, shine) ⩥ Heterogeneous Practice. Answer: A spelling or reading practice session with more than one focus. ⩥ Homogeneous Practice. Answer: A spelling or reading practice in which every word contains the same pattern or rule that is the single focus of practice. ⩥ Macron. Answer: A diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture that indicates a long sound. ⩥ Monosyllable. Answer: A word of one syllable containing one vowel sound ⩥ Onset. Answer: The initial written or spoken single consonant or consonant cluster in a word. C= onset for cat. AT= rime ⩥ Open Syllable. Answer: A syllable ending with a vowel. (He, she, so) ⩥ Phoneme Deletion. Answer: A phonemic awareness task in which the student is presented with a word and is asked to say all of the sounds except one. (say cat without (c)
