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Ethics Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between philosophy and science? Philosophy is concerned with how to understand and interpret scientific facts. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between philosophy and science? Philosophy helps define concepts that are at the center of scientific study. Philosophy pursues truths that cannot be determined through empirical observation. Which of the following is a philosophical question? Is it possible for a computer to have free will? What would life on other planets mean for us? How much freedom should individuals have? Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? Consistency is maintained between actions and beliefs. People learn to ask questions about the foundations of moral judgments. We learn to recognize and guard against bias Which step of philosophical inquiry has Amy just done? Identify positions on the question In order to approach the question philosophically, what should his first step be? Dan should ask, "What is a sport?" Which of the following actions represents the step, "Advance a Thesis"? A principal says students should focus more on academics than extracurricular activities. Which of the following is an argument? Given my brother's passion for the outdoors, he would make a good forest ranger. Simon's restaurant receives the best reviews from local food critics. Therefore, Simon's restaurant is the best restaurant in the city. Shakespeare wrote The Tempest. The Tempest was written by an Englishman in the 1600s. Therefore, Shakespeare was an Englishman in the 1600s. Consider the following argument: (1) Since eating trans fat increases "bad" cholesterol, (2) and "bad" cholesterol is related to a number of heart problems, (3) eating trans fats is unhealthy. (4) Trans fats have no known health benefits. Which of the four numbered statements is the conclusion? 3 Which one is the conclusion? Jeremy is financially irresponsible. Anthony is sick. Which of the following is an inductive argument? Lisa is an artist. Most artists are extremely talented. Therefore, Lisa is probably extremely talented. Which of the following is a deductive argument? Richard works out three days a week. Everyone who works out multiple times a week is strong. Therefore, Richard is strong. There is no circumstance under which my town will ever cancel fireworks on the Fourth of July. So even if it's pouring rain, the fireworks will happen.
4. Which of the following is a strong inductive argument? Matt is into 1980s hip-hop. Run DMC is one of the most popular hip-hop groups from the 1980s. Therefore Matt is into Run DMC's music. Amy works for a company called Dewey, Cheatum, and Livingston. Some of that company's employees are accountants. Amy is probably an accountant. Which type of argument is this? Weak inductive Everyone named Bethany has exquisite taste in furniture. My sister's name is Bethany. My sister therefore has exquisite taste in furniture. Which type of argument is this? Valid deductive
An argument is strong and the premises are all true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Cogent An argument is weak, but the premises and conclusion are all true. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Uncogent An argument is valid, but one of its premises is false. Which of the following terms best describes the argument? Unsound Which of the following statements is true of ethics? Ethics seeks to define the good and the bad. Which of the following statements is true of ethics? Ethics is about determining what is moral and what is immoral. Which of the following statements is true of ethics? Professional and personal interactions depend on ethical behavior. Ethical topics are often closely related to issues of law, etiquette, or religion. Which of the following is an issue of law? Landlord Hank installs working smoke detectors in all of his properties. Which of the following is an ethical consideration for an employee who uses the work printer for personal projects? Does management approve of this behavior? Which of the following statements is an example of descriptive ethics Most people agree that bringing their pet bulls into china shops is morally wrong. Hank creates a concept map to compare how Kantian deontology and virtue-based ethics evaluate eating meat. This is an example of which branch of ethics? Metaethics Which of the following questions is an example of normative ethics? What obligation do children have to their aging parents? Dave and Margaret have hosted Thanksgiving dinner every year for two decades. Despite their family's protests, they've decided not to host this year. Their decision is likely an example of a(n) __________ action. Neutral Jason sees a neighbor collapse from a heart attack on her front lawn. Which of the following decisions would likely constitute an obligatory action in that moment? Jason has his son call 911 while he begins CPR. Most academic institutions have severe penalties for students who attempt to pass off another's work as their own. Such academic dishonesty is thus generally considered to be a(n) __________ action. Impermissible Which of the following statements reflects relativism? Jesse thinks that right is whatever a person feels comfortable doing. Which of the following statements reflects objectivism? Lorraine believes that murder is wrong, regardless of a person's culture Which of the following statements reflects conventionalism
9 Which of the following considerations is ethically relevant to an employee who stocks the break room snacks? Who reimburses me for the snacks I buy? Is it my place to force my coworkers to eat healthy? What are my favorite kinds of snacks? How much food do I need to get? 10 Katrina calls her grandmother every week because she believes it is her moral obligation. 10 Which branch of ethics is represented by this belief? Normative ethics Metaethics Descriptive ethics 11 Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between philosophy and science? Scientific arguments require support, whereas philosophical arguments do not. Philosophy uses the scientific method to uncover truths about the world. Philosophy examines evidence and support for scientific arguments. Philosophy is a less objective discipline than science. 12 All mammals have lungs. Iguanas have lungs. Iguanas are therefore mammals. Which type of argument is this? Weak inductive Valid deductive Invalid deductive Strong inductive 13 Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? Philosophy provides concrete answers to scientific questions. Subjective thinking leads to recognition of bias. Philosophy encourages agreement by focusing on compassion. The logical organization of ideas improves communication. 14 Which of the following is an argument? If it rains, then I won't go outside. Rainy days are the best. I like to put on a sweater and read a good book. It's going to rain today because the meteorologist says it will. Everyone should experience standing out in the rain. 15 Which of the following is a philosophical question? What is friendship? On average, how many people get married every month? Who do you spend the most time with? How many friends do you have on social media? OFFICIAL MILESTONE 1 1 Which of the following is an argument? I got eight hours of sleep and ate a healthy breakfast. Therefore, I am going to have a great day. Every time your phone rings, your brain releases a chemical called dopamine. If you don't water your plants, they will wilt. If you water them, they will be healthy. If you fertilize them, they will be healthier. Donuts are the best breakfast food. I had one this morning. 2 Which of the following is an inductive argument? My new cell phone charges to full capacity in 30 minutes. My best friend’s new cell phone does the same thing, and so does my sister’s. It follows that all new cell phones recharge in 30 minutes. Bruce is not feeling well. If Bruce is ill, he will not be able to attend classes today. Therefore, Bruce will not attend classes today. There are seven employees that are on assignment today. There are two employees that are in the office. There are no other employees. Therefore, there are nine employees. Michael and Laura and their two children make a family of four. Michael and Laura have blond hair. Their children have blond hair, too. Thus, all members of the family have blond hair. 3 Which of the following statements about philosophy is true? Philosophy is quite interesting, despite having little or no application in other fields. Philosophy is obsolete due to advances in scientific inquiry.
Philosophy is a way to answer questions about the physical universe without observation. Philosophy is concerned with seeking and recognizing knowledge. 4 Ricardo and Monica volunteered to serve food at their church picnic during the 8-10 AM shift. At the end of their shift, they noticed that the kitchen was still pretty busy, so they continued to help through the next shift. Most people would likely say their decision is an example of a(n) __________ action. obligatory neutral impermissible supererogatory Susan is studying the morality of taking terminally ill patients off life support. After thorough research and consideration of many different views, she argues that doctors have a moral obligation to use whatever means are available to preserve a patient's life. 5 Which step of philosophical inquiry has Susan done? Identify positions on the question Evaluate positions Specify your question Advance a thesis and justification 6 Which of the following is a weak inductive argument? Most nurses are good people. Andrew is a nurse. Andrew is probably a good person. Krista's favorite composer is Tchaikovsky. Jason also likes Tchaikovsky. Jason and Krista probably have a lot in common. Things that are blue are sad. The sky is blue, so it must be sad. People who like wine think they're a big deal. Aaron thinks he's a big deal, so he must like wine. 7 Many people confuse topics of religion, social etiquette, and law with ethical topics. Select the example related to law. Jack allows a woman with children to board the airplane first. I am the only insured driver, so my daughter cannot drive the rental car. Nancy was baptized when she was a baby. We tipped the server 25% because he did an excellent job. 8 Which of the following considerations is relevant to a person whose elderly parents are sick but refuse to make an appointment at the doctor? Which days of the week are appointments available? Does she have medical expertise? Is it her place to make decisions for her parents? Who has treated their illnesses in the past? 9 Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? Philosophy improves critical thinking skills. Philosophy harnesses passion to reveal truths. Philosophy makes everyone's opinion equal. Philosophy more easily explains social problems. 10 Which of the following statements is an example of metaethics? Kantian deontology is the correct ethical theory. Killing whales is always wrong, no matter the reasoning. Most people believe in some form of utilitarianism. Boy Scouts have a moral obligation to help the elderly cross the street. 11 Which of the following is a philosophical question? How do we define what counts as art? On average, how many babies are born a day? What is the average top speed of a cheetah? Would you rather see a movie or a play? 12Which of the following statements reflects conventionalism? Moral truths differ from person to person. Moral truths differ from culture to culture. Moral truths do not exist.
Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory? i t goes against divine command theory's principle that God's command is free. Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory? If God changes, what is good and what is evil could also change Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory? Divine command theory does not offer directives for every situation. In a well-known Biblical story, Adam and Eve lived in a beautiful garden. They were allowed to eat anything they wished, except God forbade them from eating the fruit from one particular tree. Since Eve and Adam sampled the fruit from the forbidden tree, according to divine command theory, was this a right action or a wrong action? A wrong action because they disobeyed God’s command In a well-known Biblical story, God sent Jonah on an errand to deliver a message. Instead, Jonah went to sea on a ship. There was a terrible storm and Jonah was thrown overboard to save the others. Then God sent a great fish to swallow Jonah and save him. According to divine command theory, was Jonah’s decision to go to sea a right or a wrong action? A wrong action because God had commanded Jonah to do something else In a popular Bible story, God intends to flood the earth and commands Noah to build an ark to preserve his family and all the animals. According to divine command theory, if Noah had refused to build the ark, would that have been a right action or a wrong action? A wrong action because that would have been denying God’s command Which of the following is a tenet of conventionalism? a.) No culture is morally better or worse than any other culture Which of the following is true of conventionalism? Conventionalism is not a single ethical theory, but a family of theories. Which of the following ideas does conventionalism profess? What is good in one culture could be evil in another Becky belongs to a culture in which arriving early is thought to be impolite. What would a conventionalist call this action in Becky's culture? Impermissible The common practice in Arnold's culture is to remove one's shoes when entering a house. What would a conventionalist call this action in Arnold's culture? Obligatory Charlie likes to put on elaborate theme parties on Friday evenings. Some people look down on him for doing so, but many people support and enjoy his parties. What would a conventionalist call this action in Charlie's culture? neutral Isabel moved with her elderly mother to a culture in which it is mandatory that adult children care for their parents. As her mother ages and requires more care, Isabel considers placing her in a facility so that she can continue thriving in her own profession. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Isabel to take? She should continue to care for her mother in her own home.
David hires a recent immigrant, Boris, from Russia as a computer tech in his company. Boris does not speak English well. David’s boss thinks this is a problem, but David does not. “He needs to learn the language if he’s going to live in America,” David's boss asserts. “But Boris doesn’t need to know the language in order to do his job,” returns David. According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— David or his boss? The boss, because speaking English is a societal norm in American culture. When visiting the Czech Republic, Carolyn takes her children to a public park and notices that her children are much noisier than their peers. Carolyn wonders if perhaps Eastern Europeans view public parks differently. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Carolyn? Carolyn should tell her children to play more quietly Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? Jeremiah is looking for an ethical framework that allows morality to change over time. Ingrid is looking for an ethical framework that respects local norms Henry is looking for an ethical framework that can account for disagreement on right and wrong. Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Premise 2 is false because many cultures agree on certain moral issues. Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Premise 1 is false because disagreement does not mean there is no objective truth. Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Premise 1 is false because universal truths are not always easy to discover. Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism? there can be no intercultural evaluation of what is good Which of the following statements about egoism is true? Egoism is both a theory about how things are and about how things ought to be. Which type of egoism is the theory that humans should act according to their own best interests? Ethical egoism Which type of egoism is the theory that humans are only capable of acting in their own self interest? Psychological egoism Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist? Ignatius wants to see two movies, but only has time for one, so he flips a coin to decide. Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? Hailey donates 10% of her paycheck to help feed the hungry out of a sense of duty, even though she would prefer to keep the money. Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist? Jeanney steals her neighbor's newspaper because she doesn't want to pay for one herself. According to egoism, all of the following are important ideas to consider on the issue of gun control laws in the United States, EXCEPT __________.
God forbids tattoos, but many people think they're kind of cool. God says, "Woe to those who are rich," so some religious people take vows of poverty. God forbids murder, which is illegal almost everywhere. CONCEPT 4 Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? It's possible that there is no objective moral truth. It's possible that every culture is an island unto itself. It's possible that some cultures are just wrong about morality. It's possible that every culture's morality is true for its own members, but false for others. CONCEPT 5 Gerard likes to lie in his garden and pretend he's a cabbage. His neighbors think it's kind of weird, but they agree that it's none of their business. What would a conventionalist call Gerard's action? Supererogatory Obligatory Neutral Impermissible CONCEPT 6 Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? Divine command theory is also called theological pluralism. Divine command theory is not necessarily part of religious practice. Divine command theory states that moral truth is communicated but not invented by God. Divine command theory is relativist because what is good is relative to which sacred text is accepted. CONCEPT 7 Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory? There is no good reason to follow God's commands. It obscures humanity's place in the world and relationship with the whole of creation. It doesn't offer a firm basis for knowing which sacred texts are authentic and which are not. There is generally not a firm basis for morality, which is relative. CONCEPT 8 Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? Norbert steals money from his parents' rainy day fund, knowing he'll never get caught. Nadine begrudgingly helps a coworker she doesn't like with a project.
Nathan volunteers at a youth center because he enjoys making a difference. Noell has chicken for dinner because she had steak last night. CONCEPT 9 Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory? Divine command theory allows for some flexibility in what is right or wrong. Divine command theory gives commands for all possible actions. Divine command theory provides objective moral truths. Divine command theory is about bringing the best consequences. CONCEPT 10 Sarah makes her famous chicken casserole for her new neighbors who have just moved to America from Asia. When her daughter Lily comes home and sees the casserole almost ready, she remarks, “Mom, didn’t you know? Where our new neighbors come from, they don't eat meat. You shouldn’t have made this!” Sarah replies, “I disagree! They live in America now and need to understand our customs!” According to conventionalism, which of the two - Sarah or Lily - has a better ethical stance? Sarah, because ethical values are determined by the local culture, not your old one. Lily, because what is right is determined by what is appropriate for the individual. Lily, because killing animals unnecessarily is wrong. Sarah, because she’s confident everyone loves her chicken casserole. CONCEPT 11 Which of the following statements represents a conventionalist worldview? "Be the change you'd like to see in the world." "Do unto others as you'd have them do unto you." "The ends justify the means." "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." CONCEPT 12 Thomas goes to church on Sunday morning because he believes God has commanded him to do it. According to divine command theory, going to church on Sunday is thus __________. obligatory supererogatory impermissible neutral
Mai, because she does not want to learn to drive. Her husband, because he cannot transport Mai everywhere she needs to go. Mai, because driving is not valued in her society like it is in the United States. 2 Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? Socially determined actions are usually more successful than self-determined actions. Cooperating with others is a social skill that egoists do not have an opportunity to learn. Individuals pursuing personal excellence often help a society to progress. Because good is determined by self-interest, the egoist cannot judge the actions of others. 3 According to egoism, what might an egoist consider when faced with the issue of world hunger? We all have an obligation to ensure all people have access to food. Individuals are obligated to feed themselves. We are obligated to do a better job distributing food. Governments of poor nations are obligated to feed their citizens. 4 Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour. What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions? Neutral Impermissible Supererogatory Obligatory 5 Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist? Rather than take his dream vacation, Milo serves as a foster parent so children can have a stable home. Malachi sees an opportunity to cheat and get ahead at work, so he takes it. Michelle lets her husband decide what to eat since she's fine either way. Madison brings a wallet she found on the ground to the police station rather than keeping it for herself. 6 After moving to a new city, Rachel continues to support her hometown's baseball team. A friend tells her she has to support her new city's team, but Rachel points out that God hasn't said anything on the matter. In Rachel's view, her action is __________ according to divine command theory. impermissible obligatory neutral supererogatory
Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist? "The most important culture is the world's culture." "A culture's customs are unrelated to ethical truths." "Morality cannot be compared across cultural borders." "The effects of an action on the culture determine its morality." 8 Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Some cultures are descended from common ancestors. Morality is objective, so there are universal ethical truths. No two cultures have the same ethical framework. Even if two cultures disagree, there can still be a right answer. 9 Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory? “God makes commands because they are good” implies that something beyond God’s free command makes things good. The intellectualist option states that ethics are not outside or above God, but ethics must be interpreted by God. The intellectualist option places a false dichotomy between ethics and religion, thereby saying God has no ethical authority. The intellectualist option is subjective, whereas divine command theory is supposed to be objective. 10 Which of the following statements supports egoism? Working to meet the demands of the larger society can lead to prosperity. Self-determined ethics are more successful than ethics dictated by others. All actions should be aimed at the greater good of society. A society is more just if it distributes rewards to everyone equally. 11 Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? Keith is looking for an ethical framework that focuses on his own character. Karin is looking for an ethical framework that has a basis outside of humanity. Kelly is looking for an ethical framework that respects diverse traditions. Kayden is looking for an ethical framework that says, "Right is right, even if nobody is right." 12 Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory?
Neutral Frank is considering donating the excess from a recent bonus to a local shelter instead of spending it on himself. How would a utilitarian classify this action? Obligatory Elizabeth likes drinking coffee from a certain company which treats its farmers poorly and pollutes the environment. How would a utilitarian classify Elizabeth's action? Impermissible Tabitha’s neighbors are annoyed by the types of plants she grows in her yard. After several attempts at talking to her, digging up her plants in the night, and even running her out of the neighborhood, Tabitha’s annoying behavior has not changed. One neighbor suggests they just kill her. Most people would agree that such an action is clearly immoral. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? Killing Tabitha is morally right because the happiness it brings all her neighbors will outweigh the harm to her. Which of the following represents act utilitarianism? Neil sends his children to bed without supper because they need to learn to behave properly Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism? Marie takes her son to the hospital after he gets injured playing with fire because she would do so for any injury. Which of the following pairs of goods are directly comparable according to hedonic utilitarianism? All of the answer choices are correct On which of the following statements would a hedonic utilitarian and an idealist utilitarian disagree? a.) Some goods are different in kind. Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with utilitarianism? a.) Vincent is looking for an ethical framework that benefits the most people possible. Richard is trying to decide whether or not to donate to a fund to save children in Africa from a recent famine. His friend suggests taking a utilitarian approach to the issue, so Richard makes a list of possible actions he could take. Choose the statement from Richard’s list that reveals a possible problem with utilitarianism If I don’t donate, I’m responsible for the death of a child. Which statement describes a disadvantage of utilitarianism? People have a natural tendency to show favoritism toward loved ones. The categorical imperative is a concept in Kantian deontology that fulfills the role of a(n) __________ that is binding for all people in all circumstances. Moral law According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act permissible? My intention is good What is meant by the formulation of universal law?
Acting according to a maxim everyone can use Which of the following violates a person's humanity, according to Kant? a.) Lying to someone How might a Kantian deontologist evaluate stealing? a.) It is morally wrong because if everyone stole, nobody could be trusted not to steal. Which of the following people would likely be satisfied with Kantian deontology? a.) Elijah is looking for an ethical framework that gives a basis for objective rules. Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology? Ignorance makes it easier to get away with bad actions Milestone 3 1 I come home and my apartment building is on fire. There is a family of five living in the apartment next to mine and only my mother in my apartment. I can only evacuate one apartment. What is a problem with applying utilitarianism to this scenario? Utilitarianism says I should evacuate the apartment that has five occupants, even though my mother is more important to me. Utilitarianism says I cannot determine which apartment to evacuate because my mother's happiness is equal to the happiness of the five strangers. Utilitarianism says I should evacuate my apartment because that will make me the happiest. Utilitarianism says I have to choose what to do based on who is responsible for starting the fire. 2 Karl receives a call from the local police, who are concerned that his son may be growing and distributing an illegal (but not dangerous) drug. Karl knows this suspicion to be true. If he admits it to the police, his son will be arrested, and their family’s name will be tarnished. If he lies, the police will assume the tip they got was false and go away. Most people are split on this issue. How might it be evaluated by a utilitarian? Karl’s lying is morally wrong because his obligation to the state is more important than his son staying out of trouble, even though it would bring about no benefit for the state. Karl’s lying is morally wrong because it is sinful to lie, even when the consequences are less than desirable.
How would a Kantian deontologist evaluate an action? By evaluating the categorical imperative By evaluating the act's morality By evaluating the total good and total bad it brings about By evaluating the relevant maxim 9 Claire is helping her elderly neighbor, Ms. Flannigan, with some yard work. Ms. Flannigan has no close family and tells Claire that she is beginning to wonder who will get the small bundles of cash she has hidden throughout her large house. Ms. Flannigan even remarks that she cannot remember where she has hidden them all. After helping Ms. Flannigan, Claire goes inside to freshen up. In the bathroom she notices a large wad of cash tucked inside the medicine cabinet. Which action is supported by utilitarianism but intuitively seems unethical? Claire takes the money and donates it to the food kitchen that feeds the community’s homeless population. Claire leaves the money, but tells her friends about Mrs. Flannigan’s forgetfulness and where she had found the money. Claire leaves the money, and tells Ms. Flannigan that she will take her to the bank the following week to deposit it. Claire takes the money and puts it in a savings account that she will not touch for 10 years. 10 Which of the following considerations is important for a utilitarian when evaluating the morality of an action? How likely it is to advance one's own needs How likely it is to make one a good person How likely it is to bring about happiness How likely it is to be a violation of God's law 11 According to Kantian deontology, which of the following would make an act impermissible? It violates applicable regulations. It is done with bad intent. It doesn't meet my own needs. Most people find it morally bad. 12 Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology? A person can get away with doing harm if it's culturally accepted. A person can't use feelings to help guide his or her reasoning. A person can justify any action based on its consequences. A person can get away with doing harm if he or she isn't caught. 13
On which of the following statements would a hedonic utilitarian and an idealist utilitarian disagree? Some goods are preferable to others. Consequences are the only important consideration. Some goods can't be directly compared. Some goods can be compared. 14 Ingrid steals from a wealthy neighbor's excess so she can afford shoes for her children. How would a utilitarian classify this action? Supererogatory Obligatory Neutral Impermissible 15 In Kantian deontology, the categorical imperative must be derived from __________. possible consequences moral law reason duty
Which of the following best defines virtue-based ethics?
a.)
A theory of ethics that asserts that actions reveal and reinforce personal
characteristics
Jean lies to her boss about not feeling well so she can stay home and watch her favorite
shows.
How might a virtue-based ethicist classify this action?
Lucy overheard her parents talking about her beloved Uncle Paul and was shocked to
learn that he had been arrested that day.
“What?” she shouted, betraying her secret listening spot beneath the dining room table.
“What?”
Lucy’s mother frowned, but quickly reassured her daughter. “He was protesting the new
oil pipeline outside of town, dear. Typical Paul. He’ll be fine.”
According to virtue-based ethics, Paul’s act of protest is evaluated
