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carotid|||\\ arteries|||\\ exam|||\\ with|||\\ correct|||\\
answers
Common|||\\ Carotid |||\\ Artery|||\\ (CCA)|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔low|||\\ resistance bifurcates |||\\ into |||\\ ICA|||\\ &|||\\ ECA Internal |||\\ Carotid |||\\ Artery|||\\ (ICA)|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔feeds|||\\ anterior |||\\ brain low|||\\ resistance |||\
80%|||\\ blood |||\\ flow|||\
no|||\\ branches External |||\\ Carotid |||\\ Artery|||\\ (ECA)|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔feeds|||\\ face high|||\\ resistance |||\
20%|||\\ bloodflow branches Vertebral|||\\ Artery|||\\ (VA)|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔feeds|||\\ posterior |||\\ brain low|||\\ resistance |||\
1st|||\\ branch|||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ SCA Innominate/Brachiocephalic |||\\ Artery|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Right|||\\ CCA Right|||\\ Subclavian |||\\ artery,|||\\ high|||\\ resistance Left|||\\ CCA|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔
Left|||\\ Subclavian |||\\ Artery|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Superior|||\\ thyroid |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Ascending |||\\ pharyngeal |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Lingual |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Facial|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Occipital |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Posterior |||\\ auricular |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Superficial |||\\ temporal|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Maxillary |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Cervical|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Petrous|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Cavernous |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ Cerebral|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔ normal |||\\ diameters |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔CCA:|||\\ 5-6mm
collateral |||\\ circulation |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔alternate |||\\ pathways |||\\ for|||\\ blood |||\\ flow|||\\ that|||\
become|||\\ functional |||\\ after|||\\ obstruction. detours Circle|||\\ of|||\\ Willis |||\\ if|||\\ connected embolus|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔an|||\\ object |||\\ traveling |||\\ through|||\\ the|||\\ circulation |||\\ that|||\
can|||\\ cause |||\\ occlusion types: |||\\ air, |||\\ tumor, |||\\ fat,|||\\ bullets, |||\\ foam,|||\\ clot We|||\\ see|||\\ the|||\\ after|||\\ effects |||\\ of|||\\ an|||\\ embolism. hyperechoic |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔bright hypoechoic |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔dark anechoic |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔equal |||\\ echo |||\\ darkness isoechoic |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔equal |||\\ echo |||\\ darkness homogeneous |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔similar |||\\ echo |||\\ characteristics |||\\ throughout less|||\\ likely|||\\ to|||\\ ulcerate heterogeneous |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔different|||\\ echo |||\\ characteristics |||\\ throughout |||\
more|||\\ likely|||\\ to|||\\ ulcerate Calcific |||\\ Plaque |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Bright |||\\ echogenic |||\\ plaque|||\\ which|||\\ creates |||\
shadowing
Dense|||\\ Plaque |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Bright |||\\ echogenic |||\\ plaque|||\\ which|||\\ does|||\\ not|||\
produce |||\\ shadowing Soft/Fibrous|||\\ Plaque |||\\ or|||\\ Thrombus|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Plaque |||\\ which|||\\ produces |||\
echoes|||\\ but|||\\ not|||\\ as|||\\ bright|||\\ as|||\\ dense |||\\ or|||\\ calcific|||\\ plaque Intimal|||\\ thickening |||\\ or|||\\ Fatty|||\\ streak|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Plaque |||\\ that|||\\ is|||\\ along |||\\ the|||\
wall |||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ vessel|||\\ as|||\\ a|||\\ minimal |||\\ amount Categories |||\\ of|||\\ Plaque |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔minimal |||\\ =|||\\ 10% moderate|||\\ =|||\\ 60% severe|||\\ =|||\\ 90% Circumferential |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Plaque |||\\ along |||\\ the|||\\ entire|||\\ lumen|||\\ - |||\\ all|||\\ the|||\\ way|||\
around Extensive |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Plaque |||\\ along |||\\ a|||\\ lengthy |||\\ segment |||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ artery Scattered |||\\ /|||\\ Diffuse |||\\ Plaque |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Plaque |||\\ found |||\\ at|||\\ several |||\
locations |||\\ which|||\\ are|||\\ not|||\\ connected Ulcerative |||\\ Plaque |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔A|||\\ scooped |||\\ out|||\\ appearance shelf|||\\ like|||\\ projections Occlusion |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Complete |||\\ blockage Complete |||\\ filling |||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ vessel|||\\ internal |||\\ area|||\\ with|||\\ heterogeneous |||\\ material No|||\\ blood |||\\ flow
Color |||\\ Doppler|||\\ displays |||\\ as|||\\ a|||\\ reversed|||\\ color Mosaic |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔A|||\\ mottled |||\\ appearance |||\\ caused |||\\ by|||\\ turbulent |||\\ flow Jet|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔A|||\\ localized |||\\ area|||\\ of|||\\ higher |||\\ flow|||\\ through|||\\ and |||\\ after|||\\ an|||\\ area|||\
high|||\\ grade|||\\ stenosis formulas|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Ratio|||\\ PSV|||\\ ICA/PSV |||\\ CCA Ratio|||\\ EDV|||\\ ICA/EDV|||\\ CCA Flow|||\\ &|||\\ Stenosis |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔pre-stenosis Highest|||\\ velocity Turbulent |||\\ flow|||\\ (post-stenotic |||\\ turbulence) dampened|||\\ flow slide|||\\ 87 CCA|||\\ obstructed |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Distal|||\\ is|||\\ obstructed: |||\\ high|||\\ resistance, |||\\ ECA|||\
waveform Proximal |||\\ Obstruction: |||\\ Dampened |||\\ Waveform Best|||\\ method|||\\ of|||\\ quantification |||\\ is|||\\ comparison |||\\ with|||\\ the|||\\ contralateral |||\\ side Stenotic |||\\ Zone|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Velocity|||\\ will|||\\ be|||\\ proportional |||\\ to|||\\ the|||\\ amount|||\\ of |||\\ stenosis. By|||\\ measuring|||\\ the|||\\ velocity |||\\ we|||\\ measure |||\\ the|||\\ stenosis everything |||\\ in|||\\ Vascular |||\\ is|||\\ weighed |||\\ by|||\\ the|||\\ velocity |||\\ more|||\\ so|||\\ than|||\\ the|||\\ Bmode|||\
measurement The|||\\ amount|||\\ of|||\\ velocity |||\\ increase |||\\ is|||\\ small|||\\ until |||\\ the|||\\ stenosis |||\\ exceeds|||\\ 50%
Cardinal |||\\ Doppler|||\\ Parameters |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Peak|||\\ Systole End|||\\ Diastole ICA/CCA |||\\ Ratio Critical|||\\ that|||\\ measurements |||\\ are|||\\ taken|||\\ at|||\\ the|||\\ highest|||\\ velocity Peak|||\\ Systolic |||\\ Velocity|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔PSV|||\\ drops |||\\ off|||\\ when|||\\ the|||\\ Stenosis |||\
starts|||\\ to|||\\ exceed|||\\ Approximately |||\\ 90 |||\\ % Affected|||\\ by|||\\ the|||\\ length|||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ stenosis End|||\\ Diastolic |||\\ Velocity|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔It|||\\ becomes|||\\ valuable |||\\ in|||\\ high|||\\ grade|||\
stenosis Will|||\\ not|||\\ show|||\\ change|||\\ below |||\\ 50%|||\\ stenosis Systolic |||\\ Velocity|||\\ Ratio|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔By|||\\ comparing |||\\ the|||\\ CCA|||\\ to|||\\ the|||\\ ICA|||\\ we|||\
remove|||\\ the|||\\ Physiological |||\\ factors|||\\ affect. Factors |||\\ causing |||\\ abnormal|||\\ High |||\\ PSV:|||\\ Hypertension Factors |||\\ causing |||\\ abnormal|||\\ Low|||\\ PSV:|||\\ Collateralization, |||\\ Low|||\\ BP,|||\\ Decreased |||\
cardiac |||\\ output Spectral |||\\ Broadening |||\\ Key|||\\ Points |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Spectral |||\\ broadening |||\\ is|||\
proportional |||\\ to|||\\ stenosis Filled |||\\ spectral |||\\ window |||\\ suggests |||\\ >50%|||\\ diameter
70%|||\\ stenosis |||\\ has|||\\ poor |||\\ spectral |||\\ border, |||\\ high|||\\ amplitude |||\\ and |||\\ low|||\\ frequency Spectral |||\\ broadening |||\\ may|||\\ be|||\\ the|||\\ only |||\\ sign|||\\ of|||\\ stenosis NASCET|||\\ &|||\\ ACAS|||\\ method|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔use|||\\ the|||\\ distal |||\\ diameter|||\\ and |||\\ the|||\
residual |||\\ lumen ECET|||\\ method|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔use|||\\ the|||\\ bulb|||\\ diameter|||\\ and |||\\ the|||\\ residual |||\\ lumen
Stroke|||\\ in|||\\ evolution: |||\\ symptoms |||\\ come|||\\ and |||\\ go,|||\\ unstable,|||\\ not|||\\ done Completed |||\\ stroke:|||\\ no|||\\ progression |||\\ or|||\\ resolution|||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ symptoms, |||\\ stable, |||\
surgery Risk|||\\ Factors |||\\ &|||\\ contributing |||\\ diseases |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Diabetes|||\\ mellitus Hypertension Smoking Hyperlipidemia Mechanisms |||\\ of|||\\ disease|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Stenosis Embolism Thrombosis Aneurysm |||\\ (an|||\\ excessive|||\\ localized |||\\ enlargement |||\\ of|||\\ an|||\\ artery|||\\ caused |||\\ by|||\\ a|||\
weakening|||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ artery|||\\ wall) Nonatherosclerotic |||\\ lesions Carotid |||\\ body |||\\ tumor Nonatherosclerotic |||\\ lesions |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Trauma Fibromuscular |||\\ Dysplasia |||\\ (FMD) dysplasia |||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ media |||\\ with|||\\ overgrowth |||\\ of|||\\ collagen beadlike |||\\ appearance |||\\ on|||\\ angiography Seen|||\\ in|||\\ young|||\\ women Collagen |||\\ vascular |||\\ connective |||\\ tissue |||\\ disorders Carotid |||\\ body |||\\ tumor |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔A|||\\ small|||\\ mass|||\\ of|||\\ vascular |||\\ tissue |||\\ that|||\
adjoins |||\\ the|||\\ carotid|||\\ sinus. |||\\ It|||\\ functions |||\\ as|||\\ a|||\\ chemoreceptor |||\\ sensitive |||\\ to|||\\ changes |||\
in|||\\ oxygen |||\\ tension |||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ blood |||\\ and |||\\ signals |||\\ necessary |||\\ changes |||\\ in|||\\ respiratory |||\
activity
Paresis |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔weakness |||\\ or|||\\ slight |||\\ paralysis |||\\ on|||\\ one|||\\ side |||\\ of|||\\ the|||\\ body Paresthesia |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔numbness |||\\ or|||\\ lack |||\\ of|||\\ feeling Dysphasia |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔impaired |||\\ speech Aphasia|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔inability |||\\ to|||\\ speak Amaurosis |||\\ fugax|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔temporary|||\\ partial |||\\ or|||\\ total|||\\ blindness Homonymous |||\\ hemianopia |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔Blindness |||\\ in|||\\ the|||\\ outer|||\\ half|||\\ of|||\\ the |||\\ visual |||\\ field Vertigo |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔difficulty |||\\ in|||\\ maintaining |||\\ equilibrium movement|||\\ that|||\\ is|||\\ not|||\\ real Ataxia|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔inability |||\\ to|||\\ control |||\\ gait|||\\ or|||\\ touch|||\\ an|||\\ article Diploplia |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔double |||\\ vision Drop|||\\ attack|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔falling |||\\ to|||\\ the|||\\ ground|||\\ without|||\\ other|||\\ symptoms Syncope |||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔transient |||\\ loss |||\\ of|||\\ consciousness Bruits|||\\ - |||\\ correct|||\\ |||\\ answer✔✔abnormal|||\\ flow|||\\ sounds|||\\ caused |||\\ by|||\\ turbulent |||\\ patterns |||\
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