Docsity
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI
Docsity AI
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

Understanding Causality: Types and Methods, Slides of Cognitive Psychology

Alagappa UniversityCognitive Psychology

The concept of causality, its definition, and the different types of causal relationships. It also discusses the correlational and experimental methods used to infer causal relations. Understanding causality is essential in various scientific fields.

Typology: Slides

2011/2012

Uploaded on 11/19/2012

burhn
burhn 🇮🇳

4.4

(32)

169 documents

1 / 8

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
1
Basic Methods I
Basic Methods I
The nature of causes
Basic Methods
Basic Methods
I. Goal of Science
II. Definition of Causality
III. Types of Causal Relations
IV. Inferring Causal Relations
I. Goal of Science
I. Goal of Science
Understanding:
Understanding involves knowledge of the full
set of causal relationships that underlie a
phenomenon.
Docsity.com
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8

Partial preview of the text

Download Understanding Causality: Types and Methods and more Slides Cognitive Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Basic Methods I Basic Methods I The nature of causes Basic Methods Basic Methods I. Goal of Science II. Definition of Causality III. Types of Causal Relations IV. Inferring Causal Relations I. Goal of Science I. Goal of Science Understanding: Understanding involves knowledge of the full set of causal relationships that underlie a phenomenon.

II. Definition of Causality II. Definition of Causality A. Under what conditions changes in one observation will be followed by changes in a second observation. Example: The moon causes the changes in tides. Light switch causes the lights to go on and off. II. Definition of Causality II. Definition of Causality B. Importance of !: “all other things equal” Ruling out rival hypotheses III. Types of Causal RelationshipsIII. Types of Causal Relationships A. Ultimate (final) versus Proximate (immediate)

B. Four levels of causal B. Four levels of causal connections: connections:

  1. Contributory Causes: X is neither a necessary nor sufficient cause of Y, but changes the likelihood that Y occurs. Examples: Smoking and Lung disease Viewing T.V. violence and aggressive behavior IV. Inferring Causal RelationsIV. Inferring Causal Relations A. Correlational (observational) Method: (method described by Bacon)
  2. Definition: Look for natural occurrences of X and see if Y is present. Examples: a. Praise and children’s school grades. b. Viewing violent T.V. and aggressive behavior in children. Correlational Method (cont) Correlational Method (cont)
  3. Francis Bacon: Table of More or less. Tabulate all observation so that one can identify the conditions that increase and decrease the the co-occurrence of events. Heat Present absent Motion: Present Absent many many 0 0

Correlational Method (cont) Correlational Method (cont)

  1. Strengths of the Correlational Method: a. Observations are made in Natural settings b. Observations are directly tied to the hypothesis. Correlational Method (cont) Correlational Method (cont)
  2. Weaknesses of the Correlational Method A) Directionality Problem : X Y or Y X Example: Viewing violent TV causes aggressive behavior? or Do aggressive children like to watch violent TV? Correlational Method (cont) Correlational Method (cont)
  3. Weaknesses of the Correlational Method B) Third variable problem: Z X Y Example: Aggression in the home leads to both the viewing of violent TV and the aggressive behavior of children.

B. Experimental MethodB. Experimental Method (cont)(cont)

  1. Strengths of the Experimental Method a) can identify casual relations b) Can insure that “all else is equal” B. Experimental MethodB. Experimental Method (cont)(cont)
  2. Weaknesses of the the Experimental Method a) Experiments are often conducted in artificial settings, so the result my not generalize to the “real world” B) Manipulations may be unreasonably potent 4. Weaknesses of the the4. Weaknesses of the the Experimental Method Experimental Method C) The manipulation may not be the same as in the real world. D) It may not be ethical to manipulate the important variable.

IV. Inferring Causal RelationsIV. Inferring Causal Relations C. Inferring causal relations may require some combination of observational and experimental methodology.