Docsity
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI
Docsity AI
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

CBIS Exam Study Guide Review: A Comprehensive Guide to Brain Injury and Related Disorders, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Neurology

Virginia State University (VSU)Neurology

This comprehensive study guide provides a detailed overview of brain injury, including its causes, types, and consequences. It covers various aspects of brain injury, such as traumatic brain injury (tbi), non-traumatic brain injury, and the impact of brain injury on cognitive function, behavior, and mental health. The guide also explores rehabilitation strategies, legal frameworks, and ethical considerations related to brain injury. It is a valuable resource for students and professionals seeking to understand the complexities of brain injury and its implications.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

Available from 02/01/2025

hesigrader002
hesigrader002 🇺🇸

4.1

(43)

7.7K documents

1 / 26

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
1 / 26
CBIS Exam Study Guide Review
1.Acute Brain Injury: An injury to the brain that is not hereditary,
congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
2.Traumatic Brain Injury: An alteration in brain function, or other
evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force
2 Mechanisms
*trauma impact
* traumatic inertial forces
3.Non-traumatic brain injury: Lack of O2, decreased nutrients to cells,
exposure to toxins, pressure from tumor or blockage or other neuro
disorder
4.ABI Prevalence: 2nd most prevalent disability in U. S.
* 13.5 million Americans
5.Children & TBI: * non-accidental trauma cause of 80% of deaths in
children under 2yo
* 2/3 of children under 3yo that are abused have TBIs
*falls cause 1/2 of TBI in 0-14yo
6.domestic violence: 67% of women in domestic violence had TBI
symptoms
7.Mild TBI: *concussion
*LOC > 30 min
*loss of memory >24hrs
*CGS 13-15
*normal CT or MRI
*any AMS at time of incident
8.Moderate TBI: *LOC up to 24hrs
*neuro signs of brain trauma
* CGS 9-12
*may have focal findings on CT
9.Severe TBI: *LOC <24hrs
*GCS 3-8
10.Screens for TBI: ACE - acute concussion
eval HELPS
WARCAT - warrior administered retrospective casualty assessment
tool TBIQ - traumatic brain injury questionnaire
ImPACT
OSU TBI ID
11.JCAHO (Joint Commission): The non-profit organization that assists
health- care facilities by providing accreditation
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18
pf19
pf1a

Partial preview of the text

Download CBIS Exam Study Guide Review: A Comprehensive Guide to Brain Injury and Related Disorders and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Neurology in PDF only on Docsity!

1 / 26

CBIS Exam Study Guide Review

  1. Acute Brain Injury: An injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital, degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
  2. Traumatic Brain Injury: An alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force 2 Mechanisms *trauma impact
  • traumatic inertial forces
  1. Non-traumatic brain injury: Lack of O2, decreased nutrients to cells, exposure to toxins, pressure from tumor or blockage or other neuro disorder
  2. ABI Prevalence: 2nd most prevalent disability in U. S.
  • 13.5 million Americans
  1. Children & TBI: * non-accidental trauma cause of 80% of deaths in children under 2yo
  • 2/3 of children under 3yo that are abused have TBIs *falls cause 1/2 of TBI in 0-14yo
  1. domestic violence: 67% of women in domestic violence had TBI symptoms
  2. Mild TBI: *concussion *LOC > 30 min *loss of memory >24hrs *CGS 13- 15 *normal CT or MRI *any AMS at time of incident
  3. Moderate TBI: *LOC up to 24hrs *neuro signs of brain trauma
  • CGS 9- 12 *may have focal findings on CT
  1. Severe TBI: *LOC <24hrs *GCS 3- 8
  2. Screens for TBI: ACE - acute concussion eval HELPS WARCAT - warrior administered retrospective casualty assessment tool TBIQ - traumatic brain injury questionnaire ImPACT OSU TBI ID
  3. JCAHO (Joint Commission): The non-profit organization that assists health- care facilities by providing accreditation

2 / 26 3 year award

4 / 26 a coma to wakefulness without awareness Can be months to years in this state

  1. Minimally conscious state: condition in which someone has brief periods of purposeful actions and speech comprehension

5 / 26

  1. Emergence from DOC: Requires at least one criteria:
  • functional communication by verbal or gestural Y/N response
  • functional use of 2 or more objects
  1. Automatic dysfunction syndrome: Episodes of: dystonia (abnormal muscle tone), tachycardia, diaphoresis (sweating), hyperthermia, hypertension, tachypnea (rapid breathing) *occurs in 15%-33% of severe TBI
  2. Sleep Complications: Hypogenic hallucinations - vivid dream like auditory, visual, or tactile sensations on experiences between sleep and wake Cataplexy - feature of narcolepsy. Sudden loss of muscle tone. Consciousness remains clear, memory not impaired and respirations intact
  3. Immediate post Trumatic convulsions (seizures): LOC & involuntary move- ments within seconds of impact *can be asymmetrical, short period of AMS & retrograde amnesia
  4. Early post Trumatic seizures: *occurs within the first week *results from primary direct effect of trauma *risk factors: severe TBI, depressed skull fx , penetrating head injury, sub dural hematoma, entercerebral hematoma, epidural hematoma, portable contusion
  5. Late post Trumatic seizures: * within 18 to 24 months however can be years later
  • also called post dramatic epilepsy
  • strongest risk factors are missile wounds, multiple contusions, multiple cran- iotomies
  1. tension headache: nonmigraine headache in which pain is felt in all or part of the head *Trigeminal nerveC1-C3 nerve roots, occipital nerves
  2. Cervicogenic Headache: Generated primarily from the cervical spine *C1 -C2 periorbital region *C2 - C3 parietal & frontal regions *C3 - C4 upper thoracic & lateral cervical region
  3. Craniomandibular Headache: * subtype of tension headache that can cause difficulty with eating and talking
  4. Nocioceptive pain: Pain related to peripheral nerves
  5. neuropathic pain: Pain associated with primary lesion
  6. neuralgia: nerve pain
  7. Neuromas: Nerve endings adhered to scar tissue
  8. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: Appearance of increased CSF in atrophy.

7 / 26

  1. Spasticity: Damage to upper motor neuron Faster and extremity is moved = stronger the spasm
  2. heterotopic ossification: caused by bone formation in soft tissues
  3. Dysautonomia: Imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS " autonomic storming"
  • present with muscle over reactivity, posturing, dystonia, rigidity and spasticity
  1. Common Infections: Meningitis, respiratory infections, UTI, surgical site infec- tions, cellulitis, urosepsis
  2. Stages of motor learning: *cognitive (what to do) *Associative (how to do) *Autonomis (how to succeed)
  3. Cranial nerve dysfunction: Visual disturbance, facial dropping, postural insta- bility, dysphagia, autonomic dysregulation
  4. Athetiod: Slow, involuntary, writhing movements
  5. Ballisms: Quick flailing movements
  6. choreiform movements: Continuous rapid & unpredictable movements
  7. Agnosia: Loss of ability to identify people or objects. Visual, auditory or tactile
  8. Apraxia: Inability to perform purposeful movement *ideomotor- unable to perform tasks on command *ideational- unable to perform automatic tasks *buccofacial- limitations and performing purposeful movement of lips, cheeks, tongue, larynx and pharynx
  9. central cord syndrome: Presents as weakness & numbness in arms
  • results from fall in with neck in hyperextention or with arthritis or spondylosis
  • bowel/bladder issues
  • able to walk however unable to grasp things
  1. Brown-Sequard Syndrome: 1 side of spinal cord injured Ipsilateral paralysis, loss of light touch sensation on side of lesion, loss of pain & temperature sensation on contralateral side
  2. Anterior cord syndrome: Loss of muscle control, pain & temperature sensation below lesion No loss of proprioception or touch sensation
  3. posterior cord syndrome: Strength with no proprioception
  4. cognition: A complex collection of mental activities such as attention, percep- tion, comprehension, remembering and language

8 / 26

  1. Domains of cognition: Attention, categorization, memory, processing speed, executive functions, metacognition
  2. Attention: Divided, alternating, selective, sustained, focused

10 / 26

  1. Principles of Cognitive Rehab: *tx of impairments must be hierarchical *basic cognition skills first *target attention, perception, categorization, abstract thinking, & memory
  2. Stability Triangle:
  3. Extinction: When a previously reinforced response no longer produces a con- sequence, leading to an eventual decline in rate
  4. continuous reinforcement: the reinforcement of each and every correct re- sponse
  5. intermittent reinforcement: reinforcement for some responses and not for others
  6. Topography: What a behavior looks like physically
  7. Behavior TX Approach: 1) assess behavior
  1. define target behavior
  2. collect data
  3. change behavior
  1. Consequences: 4 types
  2. Branches of Neuropsychology: Experimental - intact/healthy brain Clinical - brain with lesions
  3. dual diagnosis: the client with both substance abuse and another psychiatric illness
  4. Axis I disorders: Clinical disorders *major depressive disorder is most common
  5. Axis II: Personality disorders and intellectual disabilities
  6. Major Depressive Episode: At least 2 wks which a person has loss of interest or depressed mood accompanied by 4 additional symptoms: Change in appetite, change in weight, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness, suicidal ideation

11 / 26

  1. manic episode: At least 1 wk where a person is noticeably elevated, expansive or irritable mood and 3 additional symptoms: extremely amplified self-esteem, decrease desire for sleep, grandiose ideas, distractibility, risky activities
  2. bipolar I disorder: One or more manic episodes
  3. bipolar II disorder: One or more depressive episode followed by one or more hypomanic episode
  4. cyclothymic disorder: Chronic fluctuation mood disturbance including both depressive and hypo manic states
  5. Schizophrenia: Disorder lasting for at least 6mo with minimum of a 1 month phase of symptoms that include: delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, Cat- alonia or avolition.
  6. personality disorders: 23% of TBI pts Organic personality disorder
  7. Frontal Lobe Syndrome: Symptoms of other psychiatric disorders including depression, psychosis, mood disorders and other various conditions however the patient does not recognize these conditions
  • The difference between frontal lobe injury and regular depression is the patient's ability to recognize and acknowledge the deficit
  1. SUD interventions:
  2. Screens for SUD: *AUDIT - alcohol use disorder identification test *CAGE: yes or no questions *CRAFFT: screen for adolescents *ASSIST: alcohol, smoking and substance use involvement screening test
  3. Cranial Nerves:
  4. concomitant spinal cord injury: Present of co-occurring spinal cord injury and brain injury *60% of SCI pt's
  5. Visual Functions:

13 / 26 *begin to perform operational functions

  1. Ages 14-15: *maturation of visuo-auditory and somatic systems *review formal operations and find flaws & create new ones

14 / 26

  1. Ages 17-19: *maturation of frontal executive functions *questions information, reconsiders & forms new hypothesis
  2. AHT/SBS: most common in infants and young children 0-5years More common for boys to be victim
  3. mTBI Adolescents: Student athletes with concussion must be evaluated, treated, and followed -up by health care professionals
  4. Second Impact Syndrome: Can occur when an athlete sustains an initial concussion and then sustains a second head injury before the symptoms from the first have fully resolved
  5. Tenet I: Current physical brain is related to the past physical state of our brain
  6. Tenet II: Our psychological state is the result of a 3 part constant reciprocally interacting relationship
  7. Moral Model of Disability: Oldest model Disability is result of sin, evil or character flaw
  8. Biomedical Model of Disability: Uses objective, clear-cut, standardized mea- sures and expert to provide finding characteristics, causes, prognosis and treatment 2 demential (normal vs. illness)
  9. Environmental Model of Disability: Environment, social and physical can cause, defined or exaggerate a disability Prejudice, discrimination stigma lies with the environment and not the disability
  10. Functional Model of Disability: Most individualized and personal model (pa- tient centered care) Extend in consequences for disability in consideration of person specific interest and participation Emphasizes DMEs
  11. sociopolitical model of Disability: Minority group for independent living mod- el Disability is collective concern of society Societies responsibility for accommodating patient rather than the patient accom- modating to society
  12. Six principles of person centered care: Autonomy, beneficence, non-malef- icence, fidelity, justice, veracity
  13. Beneficence (Definition): The clinicians obligation to do good for the patient
  14. Fidelity: Clinician should keep promises made
  15. Veracity: The clinician to be truthful and professional interactions

16 / 26

  1. Individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA): Federal education man- date to provide free appropriate public education and special education and support services to children with eligible disabilities
  2. Military Primary Injury: Direct impact from over-pressure wave. Compressed air filled organs, catapults body
  3. diagnostic indicators for SBS: Bleeding from brain Brain swelling Bleeding in eyes
  4. Long term disabilities in SBS: Behavioral problems, learning disabilities, blindness, deafness, seizures, cerebral palsy
  5. Individual Education Plan - IEP: Student's academic goals based upon as- sessment and the method to obtain these goals via specially designed instruction and related services Timeline: 60 days to complete assessment and hold IEP meeting
  6. Military Secondary Injury: Debris impacts head or body
  7. Military tertiary injury: Body impacts ground or object
  8. Military Quaternary Injury: Inhalation of toxic gases or substance
  9. Military acute concussion evaluation (MACE): TBI screening developed by defense and veterans BI center. Provides gross measures of cognitive domain
  10. TBI military prevalence: mTBI only 56% mTBI & PTSD 44%
  11. Community integrated rehabilitation (CIR): Post acute brain injury rehabili- tation programs designed to support persons with brain injury in the community. Can include neural behavioral programs, residential programs, day treatment pro- grams and home based programs
  12. Neural behavioral programs: For Severe behavioral disturbances that require 24 hour supervision.
  13. Residential community program: For those that cannot participate as outpa- tient, require 24 hour supervision or support
  14. Comprehensive holistic treatment/day treatments: There is a need for in- tensive services and can benefit from improved awareness
  15. Home based program: Client is able to resign at the home and able to self direct care
  16. Care management: Continuous system of care for a particular condition Case management, life care planning, advocacy and public policy, support groups
  17. case management: A way of managing unique and high risk conditions often associated with costly acute care and hospital stay.

17 / 26

  1. Case Manager Functions: Educator, coordinator, research, communicator, collaborator, clinician, utilization manager, transition planner, leader, quality man- ager, negotiator, advocate, risk manager
  2. 6 Domains if Case Management: Processes and services, resource utiliza- tion in management, psychosocial and economic support, rehabilitation, outcomes and ethical and legal practices
  3. Life care planning: A lifelong needs assessment of the needed goods and services required for a person with brain injury to move the most independent life possible. The plan should've called blueprints for families Must utilize evidence based standard of care
  4. LCP plan: Should be continually monitored and revised when the persons health needs or situation changes.
  5. Special needs trust: A legal arrangement in financial agreement that allows a person with a brain injury to receive income without reducing their eligibility for the public assistance disability benefits provided by Social Security, supplemental security income, Medicare or Medicaid
  6. Types of special needs trusts: First party SNT, third-party SNT, Inter vivos (during life) SNT, pooled trust/community trust
  7. Social security act of 1935: Provided cash benefits & health care plans for individuals who are aged, disabled, and those with low income.
  8. Medicare: Four part insurance program established as part of the Social Security act
  9. Medicaid: Provide healthcare for people with low income, chronic illnesses, and disabilities black private help insurance
  10. Medicare Part A: No cost Covers hospitalizations, SNF, home health and hospice
  11. Medicare Part B: Premium is charged This covers doctors appointments and outpatient
  12. Medicare Part C: Premium charged Optional cost saving managed care plan
  13. Medicare Part D: Prescription drug coverage
  14. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA): Authorizes the establishment of home and community based Medical services
  15. State Children's Health Insurance Plan (CHIP): Covers uninsured kids
  16. Affordable Care Act: Mandate on individuals and employers to

19 / 26

  1. Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS): 1 time measure of severity Ranges 1 (minor) - 6 (unsurvivable)
  2. JFK Coma Recovery Scale: Extended DOC 23 subscales, good for emerging consciousness
  3. Measures of Post-Traumatic Amnesia: Longer the PTA, the more likely a person will have long term issues No formal scoring process
  4. Glasgow Outcome Scale: 1-item descriptive outcome measure with 5 cate- gories: Dead, vegetative, severely disabled, moderately disabled and good recovery
  5. Measures in Acute Rehabilitation: Functional Independence Measure (FIM/FAM), Disability Rating Scale (DRS), Rancho Los Amigos
  6. Functional Independence Measure (FIM): 18-item, 7-level scale that as- sesses severity of disability in performing basic life activities Clinical tool
  7. Disability Rating Scale (DRS): 8 item assessment of impairment, disability & handicap or participation Research tool
  8. Post-Acute Measures: Craig Handicap Assessment& Reporting Technique (CHART), Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4), Participation Assessment with Combined Tools-Objective (PART-O)
  9. Craig Handicap Assessment & Reporting Technique (CHART): 32 ques- tions and 6 domains More for outpatient or home health Measures participation Objective measure of a persons engagement in societal roles Max score of 100
  10. Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI-4): 35 item with 3 subscales measures problems after BI Rated 0-4 (no restrictions to severe restrictions)
  11. Participation Assessment & Reporting Technique (PART-O): Moderate to severe BI 3 legacy measures
  12. Quality of Life Measures: The quality of life scale is a valid instrument used to measure life satisfaction, usually in conjunction with a health issue of some kind. One of the most frequently used is the SF 36, a self report patient questionnaire

20 / 26

  1. RETURN TO WORK (RTW): Gold standard in measuring success of rehabili- tation. 4 models: comprehensive integrated day treatment, vocational case coordination, resource facilitation, supported employment