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CCNA 200-301 EXAM
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What is the IEEE of Bluetooth? - ANSWER 802.15 WPAN What is WiMAX and it IEEE? - ANSWER -Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access -IEEE 802.16 WWAN In cellular broadband there are two types of cellular networks, what are they? - ANSWER Global System for Mobile (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). GSM is internationally recognized, while CDMA is primarily used in the US. Typically, it is used by rural homeowners and businesses where cable and DSL are not available. It is usually more expensive and requires a clear line of sight. - ANSWER Satellite Broadband What is the 802.11 WLAN? - ANSWER WiFi/wireless devices are based on IEEE
set of protocols and wireless local area network (WLAN) Wi-Fi computer communication in various frequencies -Radio frequency is 2.4 GHz What is the 802.11a? - ANSWER 5 Ghz frequency band IEEE standard for transmitting data over a wireless network. What are the two allocated radio frequency in 802.11 wireless LANs? - ANSWER 2.4GHz and 5GHz Which 802.11 standards exclusively use the 5 GHz radio frequency? - ANSWER 802.11a 802.11ac Which of the wireless networks typically uses lower powered transmitters for short ranges? - ANSWER WPAN In wireless, what does AP stand for? - ANSWER Access Point What does SSID stand for? - ANSWER shared service set identifier (SSID)
The wireless router advertises its wireless services by sending ______________containing its shared service set identifier (SSID) - ANSWER Beacons What does QoS stand for and what does it do? - ANSWER Quality of Service is a feature of routers and switches which prioritizes traffic so that more important traffic can pass first. What does WAP stand for and what is it exactly? - ANSWER Wireless Access Point more generally just an access point, is a networking hardware devices that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network. What does Wi-Fi stand for? - ANSWER Wireless Fidelity technically, this is not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked term meaning IEEE 802.11x. What is an Autonomous AP? - ANSWER -Standalone devices like a home router. Where the entire WLAN configuration resides on the device. -Sometimes called thick APs -do not require a controller to control the AP and it use WLSE for management software -use for a network that requires only a couple of access points. What does WLC stand for? - ANSWER Wireless LAN Controller What does AS stand for? - ANSWER Autonomous System What are Controller-based APs? - ANSWER -These devices require no initial configuration and are often called lightweight APs (LAPs). -Also called thin APs -Centralized management, configuration, encryption, updates and policy settings through a centralized controller LAPs - ANSWER Lightweight Access Points LWAPP - ANSWER Light Weight Access Point Protocol What is another name for LAPs? - ANSWER Controller-based APs LAG - ANSWER Link Aggregation Group What is MIMO? - ANSWER Multiple Input Multiple Output. Uses multiple antennas to increase available bandwidth for IEEE 802.11n/ac/ax wireless networks. Up to eight transmit and receive antennas can be used to increase throughput.
What portocols are reliable, connection oriented and use TCP? - ANSWER FTP, SSH, Telnet, SMTP, DNS, HTTP, POP3, NTP, IMAP4, HTTPS What protocols are unreliable, connectionless and use UDP? - ANSWER DNS, DHCP, TFTP, SNMP What is DHCP? - ANSWER A protocol used to automate the assignment of IP Address. It stands for Dynamic Host Control Protocol and is the successor to BOOTP. DHCP port number - ANSWER 67 What is HSRP? - ANSWER HSRP stands for Hot Standby Router Protocol, it was designed for gateway redundancy without addition config on end devices. Routers configured with HSRP present themselves as a single virtual default gateway. -It is Cisco Proprietary -has one active router and one standby router What does VRRP stand for? - ANSWER Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol Has one master router and multiple backup routers What is VRRP virtual MAC address? - ANSWER 0000.5E00.01xx 0000.5E00.01xx, where xx is the value ID for the VRRP group number What is FHRP? - ANSWER First-Hop Redundancy Protocol In show ip route command, what letter represents EIGRP? - ANSWER D In show ip route command, what letter represents OSPF? - ANSWER O In show ip route command, what letter represents directly connected routes? - ANSWER C In show ip route command, what letter represents static route? - ANSWER S In show ip route command, what letter/symbol represents default routes? - ANSWER * on a route such as S * 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via Fastethernet 0/ In show ip route command, what letter represents local/host connected directly connected? - ANSWER L What is PAgP? - ANSWER Port Aggregation Protocol is a Cisco proprietary link aggregator protocol that can bundle up to 8 active ports. -Only uses DESIRABLE and AUTO modes
By default the maximum time that a Cisco switch will retain LLDP info before discarding it when it is enabled on an interface is ______ - ANSWER 120 seconds By default, a cisco switch will send LLDP advertisements every ____ seconds when LLDP is enabled on an interface - ANSWER 30 What is LLDP on a Cisco switch? - ANSWER Link Layer Discovery Protocol. OSI layer 2 open standard discovery protocol that is used to facilitate interoperability between Cisco devices and non-Cisco devices. Attributes that can be learned from neighboring devices contain Type, Length, Value (TLV) info including port description, system description and management address. What is VTP? - ANSWER VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Layer 2 messaging protocol that maintains VLAN configuration consistency throughout a common administrative domain by managing VLAN additions, deletions, and name changes across multiple switches. Without VTP, you would have to manually add VLAN information to each switch in the network. What is CDP? - ANSWER Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a Cisco Proprietary feature that allows you to see directly connected Cisco devices. CDP can provide VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) information whereas LLDP does not. What is FlexConnect? - ANSWER Software basically. (previously known as Hybrid Remote Edge Access Point or H-REAP) is a wireless solution for branch office and remote office deployments. It enables customers to configure and control access points (AP) in a branch or remote office from the corporate office through a wide area network (WAN) link without deploying a controller in each office. The FlexConnect access points can switch client data traffic locally and perform client authentication locally when their connection to the controller is lost. When they are connected to the controller, they can also send traffic back to the controller. In the connected mode, the FlexConnect access point can also perform local authentication. Number of host on a /24 and it subnet mask - ANSWER 256; 255.255.255. Number of host on a /23 and it subnet mask - ANSWER 512; 255.255.254. Host on a /22 and it subnet mask - ANSWER 1024; 255.255.252. Host on a /21 and it subnet mask - ANSWER 2048; 255.255.248. Host on a /19 and it subnet mask - ANSWER 8192; 255.255.224. Host on a /18 and it subnet mask - ANSWER 16384; 255.255.192. Host on a /25 and it subnet mask - ANSWER 128; 255.255.255.
Link local addresses are unicast addresses used for communication over a __________ link - ANSWER single Link local addresses in IPv6 are used to form what? - ANSWER Neighbor adjacencies Global IPv6 unicast addresses, also known as aggregable global address, do they form neighbor adjacency? - ANSWER NO. They do NOT form neighbor adjacency. IPv6 multicast address for Link-local - ANSWER FF02::/ IPv6 multicast address for Site-local - ANSWER FF05::/ IPv6 multicast address for unicast site-local - ANSWER FC00::/ IPv6 multicast address for global address - ANSWER FF0E::/ Are unicast link local IPv6 addreses routable? - ANSWER NO. Used for neighbor discovery What is HDLC? - ANSWER The High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) protocol is a populare ISO-standard, bit-oriented, Data Link layer protocol. It specifies an encapsulation method for data on synchronous serial data links using frame characters and checksums. HDLC is a point-to-point protocol used on leased lines. No authentication can be used with HDLC. What is the difference between HDLC and PPP? - ANSWER The major difference between HDLC and PPP , the PPP protocol performs better than HDLC because there is no compulsion of using the Cisco devices in both the ends, which means these are interoperable. PPP also supports multiple protocols and support authentication. What is PPP? - ANSWER Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a Data Link layer protocol that can be used over either asynchronous serial (dial-up) or synchronous serial (ISDN) media. It uses Link Control Protocol (LCP) to build and maintain data-link connections. Network Control Protocol (NCP) is used to allow multiple Network layer protocols (routed protocols) to be used on a point-to-point connection. The basic purpose of PPP is to transport layer 3 packets across a Data Link layer point-to-point link, and it's nonproprietary. The PPP protocol stack is specified at the Physical and Data Link layers only. In 802.11 wireless topology, what is BSS in Infrastructure? - ANSWER Basic Service Set; Consist of a single AP interconnecting all associated wireless clients. The radius of which it covers in it wireless range is called a Basic Service Area (BSA). Layer 2 MAC address of the AP is used to uniquely ID each BSS which is called a Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID).
In 802.11 wireless topology, what is ESS in infrastructure? - ANSWER Extended Service Set ESS is ID by a SSID and each BSS is ID by its BSSID. When you need more coverage, two or more BSS can join through a common distribution system (DS) into an ESS. The whole covered area is called an Extended Service Area (ESA). A client in one BSA can now communicate with other clients in another BSA within the same ESS. Like a roaming cell phone user may move from one BSA to another and it would be seamless Since WLAN are half-duplex, what do we use to avoid collision? - ANSWER (CSMA/CA) carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance. What is the port number of RADIUS? - ANSWER 1812 for authentication 1813 for accouting 1645/1646 for UDP ports AD of directly connected routing - ANSWER 0 AD of static route - ANSWER 1 AD of internal EIGRP - ANSWER 90 AD of OSPF - ANSWER 110 AD of RIP - ANSWER 120 AD of External EIGRP - ANSWER 170 What parameter does RIP use to calculate metric? - ANSWER Hop count What parameter does EGIRP use to calculate metric? - ANSWER bandwidth, delay What parameter does OSPF use to calculate metric? - ANSWER cost Characteristic of distance vector? - ANSWER -sends entire routing table -slow convergence -doesn't know network topology -simpler to configure -examples: RIP, IGRP Characteristics of Link state? - ANSWER -sends only link state information -fast convergence -less susceptible to routing loops
In NAT addressing what does the Inside Local Address display? - ANSWER display the IP address config on a host on the local network In NAT addressing what does the Outside Local Address display? - ANSWER display the IP address of a host on the outside network as seen from a host on the inside network In NAT addressing what does the Outside Global Address display? - ANSWER display the IP address config on a host on the outside network What is EtherChannel? - ANSWER Etherchannel is a Cisco feature that allows you to combine several physical links (up to eight) into one logical connection for increased bandwidth. Data between the links is load-balanced, and Spanning Tree sees the logical link as one link; thus all physical ports are forwarding. Different interface types can't be bundled together such as gigabit can't be bundle with fast Ethernet What is LACP? - ANSWER Link Aggregation Control Protocol bundle two or more identical, physical interfaces into a single logical link between switches -Open Standard -Only uses ACTIVE and PASSIVE mode What is STP? - ANSWER Spanning Tree Protocol. Allows for multiple redundant paths while breaking loops. Operates at Data Link How does STP decide which switch will be the root switch? - ANSWER the switch with the lowest BID Since by default all switches have the BID priority of 32768, the second comparison has to be made - the lowest MAC address. What steps does STP take to achieve convergence? - ANSWER -Elect the root bridge, with the switch with the lowest BID -Elect a root port for each nonroot switch, based on the lowet root path cost -Elect a designated port for each segment, based on the lowest root path cost -Root ports and designated ports transition to the forwarding state What is PVST+? - ANSWER Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus cisco enhancement of STP that provides a separate spanning tree instance for each VLAN configured on the network -slow convergence -default setting on all cisco catalyst switches -uses a lot of CPU What is Rapid PVST+? - ANSWER Uses PVST+ and provides config PER VLAN -cisco proprietary
-fast convergence -need very high resources to use STP In case the best root cost ties for two or more paths, the following tiebreakers do what? - ANSWER the lowest neighbor bridge ID the lowest neighbor port priority the lowest neighbor internal port number In STP, the switch with the best path to reach the root switch is called? - ANSWER he designated switch and its port is known as the designated port. In order to avoid loops, the non-designated port on the other end of the link is placed in blocking state. In OSPF, Hello packets are used to do what? - ANSWER -Discover OSPF neighbors and establish neighbor adjacencies -Advertise parameters on which two routers must agree to become neighbors -Elect the DR and BDR on multiaccess networks such as Ethernet and Frame Relay What are the OSPF characteristics? - ANSWER -Classless routing protocol -only supports equal cost load balancing -Uses COST as it metric -Fast convergence -Uses Dijksta's Algorithm -Open Standard -AD is 110 -multicast address is 224.0.0.5 or 224.0.0. -destination MAC address is also a multicast address of 01-00-5E-00-00-05 or 01-00- 5E-00-00-06. -Supports MD5 Authentication How is the OSPF designated router (DR) get chosen? - ANSWER Highest priority, then highest router ID (highest physical interface by default). The router with the second highest OSPF priority or router ID will become a BDR. In OSPF how is the router ID determined if not manually configured? - ANSWER · Highest IP address among loopback interface · Then by highest IP address among physical interfaces In OSPF when the DR and BDR achieve FULL state with every router on the segment what will display for the other routers when you enter the show ip ospf neighbor command? - ANSWER FULL/DROTHER Basically, DRother is a router that's neither a DR nor a BDR. OSPF what must match to be able to form adjacency? - ANSWER -Timers/hello and dead timers -Network Type/Netmask
-Then by highest IP address among physical interfaces QoS levels, what would voice be prioritized on? - ANSWER Platinum QoS levels, what would video be prioritized on? - ANSWER Gold QoS levels, what would the default setting be? - ANSWER Silver QoS levels, what would provide the lowest bandwidth and is used for guest services? - ANSWER Bronze What are the debug log messages severity level for emergencies? - ANSWER 0 What are the debug log messages severity level for alerts? - ANSWER 1 What are the debug log messages severity level for critical? - ANSWER 2 What are the debug log messages severity level for errors? - ANSWER 3 What are the debug log messages severity level for warnings? - ANSWER 4 What are the debug log messages severity level for notifications? - ANSWER 5 What are the debug log messages severity level for informational? - ANSWER 6 What are the debug log messages severity level for debugging? - ANSWER 7 What are the Server VTP characteristics? - ANSWER -creates/modifies/deletes VLANS -synchronizes VTP information -originates VTP adverts -forwards VTP adverts -stores VLAN info in NVRAM What are the Client VTP characteristics? - ANSWER -synchronizes VTP info -originates VTP adverts -forwards VTP adverts What are the Transparent VTP characteristics? - ANSWER -creates/modifies/deletes VLANs -forwards VTP adverts -stores VLAN info in NVRAM -does not advertise -does not synchronize it configs
What is root guard? - ANSWER prevents introduced switches from being elected the new root What is BPDU guard? - ANSWER This is used in conjunction with Portfast to prevent the Portfast enabled switchport from responding to STP updates that could destroy the current network STP configuration. When the STP update is received, this puts the switchport into error disabled mode until the administrator manually brings the switchport back up. What is PortFast? - ANSWER reduces convergence time by placing edge ports into a forwarding state What is Loop guard? - ANSWER prevents a switch port from transitioning to the forwarding state when it stops receiving BPDUs In EIGRP what is Feasible Distance (FD)? - ANSWER The best metric along a path In EIGRP what is a successor? - ANSWER A successor is the route with the best metric to reach a destination. That route is stored in the routing table In EIGRP, what is feasible successor? - ANSWER A feasible successor is a backup path to reach that same destination that can be used immediately if the successor route fails. These backup routes are stored in the topology table. Loop-free EIGRP how is a feasible successor chosen? - ANSWER the neighbor's advertised distance (AD) for the route must be less than the successor's feasible distance (FD). In EIGRP, what is the advertised distance (AD)? - ANSWER The metric that the next- hop router has calculated EIGRP what algorithm does it use? - ANSWER DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) selects the best path and the second best path to the destination EIGRP, how many seconds is a hello packet sent to maintain neighbor adjacency? - ANSWER 5 seconds EIGRP, how many seconds is a hello packet sent on a multicast to keep neighbor adjacency? - ANSWER 60 seconds In DHCP what is the ip helper-address command? - ANSWER enables a DHCP relay agent on a router. Which OSI layer enables coding and conversion functions for application layer data? - ANSWER Presentation Layer
What is Salt written in? - ANSWER PYTHON JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) uses what syntax rules - ANSWER KEY:VALUE Uses { } and [ ] Array is in [ ] Object is in { } Value are after the colon Value text is listed in double quotes Value numeric is listed without quotes What is REST? - ANSWER A REST API is an API that works on top of the HTTP protocol. It defines a set of functions developers can use to perform requests and receive responses through HTTP, such as GET and POST. When is REST considered RESTFUL? - ANSWER -Client/server: The client handles the front end, and the server handles the back end. Either can be replaced independently of the other. -Stateless: No client data is stored on the server between requests. The session state is stored on the client. -Cacheable: Clients can cache responses to improve performance. What does an API do? - ANSWER APIs exist to allow two programs to exchange data. Some APIs are for interprogram communications within a single operating system (OS). Other APIs are available to programs that run on other computers. These APIs must define the networking protocol. Many are based on REST. What is XML? - ANSWER Extensible Markup Language What is YAML? - ANSWER YAML Ain't Markup Language In Cisco DNA what is the network infrastructure called? - ANSWER Fabric The Fabric in Cisco DNA is divided into two parts and what are they? - ANSWER Underlay: This is most closely associated with the physical network. The underlay reveals additional devices and specifies how these devices are connected. Endpoints access the network through the Layer 2 devices. Switches, routers, cables Overlay: This is where tunneling protocols like Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN) are implemented to transport Layer 3 protocols such as IP Security (IPsec) and Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP). The overlay is where policies are specified. The overlay is not concerned with how the devices are physically or logically connected. What two roles does the Cisco DNA Center have? - ANSWER -A controller in a network that uses Cisco SDA
- A network management platform for traditional (non-SDA) network devices
How are FlexConnect ALCs applied? - ANSWER Per AP and per VLAN Also supported on the NATIVE VLAN THEY ARE NOT PER PORT/INTERFACE We like DHCP.......... NOT DHCP_____________ - ANSWER We like DHCP SNOOPING-uses the concept of trusted and untrusted ports. We do NOT LIKE DHCP SPOOFING-spoofing attack occurs when a rogue DHCP server is connected to the network and provides false IP configuration parameters to legitimate clients. What is the appropriate coverage overlap in wireless AP? - ANSWER 10-15% Best practice in 802.11 when expanding an existing 802.11 wireless network? - ANSWER Config each AP with the same SSID and a unique, non overlapping channel What is CAPWAP? - ANSWER Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points - a way for control data to be tunneled between Lightweight AP and Centralized controller If the destination IP address of the packet does not belong to a connected or remote network and the router does not have a default route, the packet is discarded. The router sends an_______________ - ANSWER ICMP Unreachable Message The type of interface determines the type of Layer 2 encapsulation. If the exit interface is FastEthernet, the packet is encapsulated in an________ frame - ANSWER Ethernet The type of interface determines the type of Layer 2 encapsulation. If the exit interface is a serial interface configured for PPP, the IP packet is encapsulated in a__________frame - ANSWER PPP What is router on a stick? - ANSWER -A Router on a stick is where you have a router hanging off a switch on a trunk link and have subinterfaces. Use for routing between VLANS. Has to be directly connected to the router for interVLAN routing and router on a stick to work. True or False: You need to have the command encapsulation dot1q to configure trunking - ANSWER TRUE What is SVI? - ANSWER Switch virtual interface (SVI): Virtual VLAN interface used for inter-VLAN routing
In OSPF do point to point links elect a DR or BDR? - ANSWER NO OSPF, the show ip ospf neighbor command displays what in it output? - ANSWER Neighbor ID PRI=Priority of the interface State Dead Time Address Interface OSPF Network types - ANSWER broadcast multicast nonbroadcast point to point point to multipoint broadcast point to multipoint nonbroadcast What is the default network type enabled in OSPF point to point network? - ANSWER HDCL and PPP True or False: HDLC can work on any router? - ANSWER FALSE Because it has some proprietary characteristics that won't allow it to work on non-cisco devices OSPF the default hello and dead timer on a nonbroadcast network is? - ANSWER 30 second hello 120 second dead interval What are you using to establishing a secure VPN tunnel between two sites that are separated by an untrusted network? - ANSWER IPSec What is GRE? - ANSWER GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) is a protocol designed to tunnel any L3 protocol through an IP transport network. Because the focus of GRE is to transport many different protocols, it has very limited security features If ip arp inspection is been issued on the interface, what does that mean for the interface? - ANSWER It is an untrusted port. DAI (Dynamic ARP Inspection) has been configured. An ACL list of commands are processed in order, from _____ to _____ - ANSWER first state to last statement. Standard IPv4 ACL filter traffic based on what? - ANSWER Source address only
What command would you use to create an ACL? - ANSWER access-list; in global config mode to create an entry in standard IPv4 ACL. We always put the subnet mask in wildcar mask form example: access-list 1 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255. What is the command for NAT overload? - ANSWER ip nat inside source static {ip address} overload In QoS traffic type, what is the voice characteristic? - ANSWER Smooth Benign Drop sensitive Delay sensitive UDP priority In QoS traffic type, what is the video characteristic? - ANSWER Bursty Greedy Drop Sensitive Delay Sensitive UDP priority In QoS traffic type, what is the data characteristic? - ANSWER Smooth/bursty Benign/greedy drop insensitive delay insensitive TCP retrasmists Congestion method that drops lower priority packets if network congestion is detected?
- ANSWER WRED So when an SNMP agent/managed node sends a message to an SNMP manager what is it called? - ANSWER TRAP How do you set the NTP server? - ANSWER NTP server {ip address of the NTP server} In Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) what mode operates in access mode unless the neighboring interface actively negotiates to operate as a trunk? - ANSWER Auto In Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) what mode operates in access mode unless the neighboring interface actively negotiates to operate as a trunk? - ANSWER Auto If you have an OSPF route on ethernet 0/0 and then issue the command 10.10.10. 255.255.255.252 ethernet 0/0 on the same router, what will happen? - ANSWER If a router has a static route and an OSPF route to the same destination network, the static
