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What VLANs are auto-created and cannot be deleted? - ✔✔VLAN 1 , 1002 - 1005
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What is the primary purpose of a VLAN? - ✔✔To create a broadcast domain; enable segmentation or isolation of broadcast traffic Unassigned Cisco switch ports remain in which VLAN? - ✔✔VLAN 1 Do VLANs prevent broadcast storms? - ✔✔No, they minimize the size and effect of the broadcast storm on neighbor switches and hosts What are four advantages to using VLANs? - ✔✔ 1. Enable access to network services based on logical requirements
- Network security is optimized with VLANs that enable managing and filtering sensitive traffic from other network traffic
- Bandwidth efficiency is accomplished through segmenting traffic into smaller broadcast domains
- Easier add/move/delete administration of endpoints on a network and scalability for larger enterprise deployments What is the Layer 2 Broadcast Destination Address? - ✔✔FFFF.FFFF.FFFF What is the Layer 3 Broadcast Destination Address? - ✔✔ 255. 255. 255. 255 What is VLAN 1 used for and can it be deleted? - ✔✔Management Traffic; it cannot be deleted What is the normal VLAN range? - ✔✔VLAN 2 - 1001 What is the extended VLAN range? - ✔✔VLAN 1006 - 4094
What VLANs cannot be pruned from a trunk? - ✔✔VLAN 1006 - 4094 How many VLANs can be assigned to a switch access port? - ✔✔Only one VLAN unless you are connecting an IP phone What commands would you use to setup a switch access port with an IP phone? - ✔✔interface <interface#/#> switchport mode access switchport access vlan # switchport voice vlan # Where is the switch VLAN configuration stored? - ✔✔vlan.dat file What commands would you use to globally create and name a VLAN? - ✔✔vlan # name <name_of_vlan> What is the default switch port mode? - ✔✔Access port What will switch access ports do with am Ethernet frame it receives with an 802. 1 q tag? - ✔✔It will discard the packet without learning the source MAC address What command would you use to configure a range of switch ports? - ✔✔interface range gigabitethernet#/# - # What command lists all VLANs configured on a switch? - ✔✔show vlan or show vlan brief What command is used to display the switch ports assigned to a single VLAN? - ✔✔show vlan id
What are the steps when a host sends data to a server on the same VLAN for the first time? - ✔✔ 1. Switch adds the source MAC address of incoming frame if it is not listed in the MAC address table
- Switch does a MAC address table lookup for the destination MAC address
- Switch floods a frame using FFFF.FFFF.FFFF as destination MAC address out all switch ports except the port where the source MAC address was learned
- Server wit the assigned MAC address responds with a frame that lists the MAC address
- Switch updates the MAC address table with the MAC address of the server; That is the destination MAC address for frames sent from the host
- Switch forwards the frames from the host to the server based on the switch port assigned to the server What is Cut-Through Switching? - ✔✔It is a technique that optimizes performance by examing only the first 6 bytes (destination MAC address) of an Ethernet frame before making a forwarding decision. The switch does a MAC address table lookup for the destination MAC address and forwards the frame. What is the advantage of Cut-Through Switching? - ✔✔The forwarding decision is made before all of the frame arrives and thereby minimizes latency What is Store-and-Forward Switching? - ✔✔Traditional switching where the frame is not forwarded until all of the frame has arrived. The switch copies the frame to memory before examining the destination MAC address and forwarding the frame. What is CEF? - ✔✔Cisco Express Forwarding: Layer 3 switching technique that creates FIB and adjacency tables for optimized forwarding. It is only available on routers and switch platforms with routing enabled and the required hardware What is an FIB? - ✔✔Forwarding Information Base: Used by CEF to mae IP destination prefix-based switching decisions. Conceptually similar to a routing table or information base. It maintains a mirror image of the forwarding information contained in the IP routing table. Which devices can perform frame rewrite? - ✔✔Layer 3 switches and Wireless LAN Controllers
Which devices perform frame switching? - ✔✔Layer 2 switches and Access Points What are the duplex and speed default settings on a switch port? - ✔✔auto-negotiation What is the purpose of a switch trunk? - ✔✔To forward multiple VLANs between switches What command enables trunking on an interface? - ✔✔switchport mode trunk encapsulation dot 1 q What does the native VLAN forward? - ✔✔Control traffic across switch trunks Why is it recommended to change the native VLAN? - ✔✔This is a Cisco security best practice as there are security vulnerabilities associated with default VLAN 1 ; STP issues are minimized as well by selecting a nondefault VLAN instead of VLAN 1 What command changes the native VLAN? - ✔✔switchport trunk native vlan <vlan_id> What is the purpose of VLAN pruning? - ✔✔To permit or deny VLANs across a switch trunk What is the Cisco default for VLAN pruning - ✔✔To allow all VLANs across the trunk What command sets a range of VLANs to an interface? - ✔✔switchport trunk allowed vlan <#>-<#> What are the three modes of DTP? - ✔✔nonegotiate, desirable, auto Is DTP enabled by default on switch ports? - ✔✔Yes What does a switch port configured with desirable mode do? - ✔✔Actively sends DTP frames to negotiate trunk with neighbor switch
What is the maximum number of ports Cisco switches support to a single EtherChannel bundle? - ✔✔ 8 ports What is the maximum number of ports LACP supports to a single EtherChannel bundle? - ✔✔ 16 ports, however only 8 ports can be active simultaneously What is LACP? - ✔✔Link Aggregation Control Protocol, within the IEEE specification, provides a method of control the bundling of several physical ports together to form a single logical channel. It allows a network device to negotiate an automatic bundling of links by sending LACP packets to the peer What are the options for configuring an EtherChannel? - ✔✔Static or Dynamic Protocols What is the difference between static and dynamic EtherChannel configurations? - ✔✔Static does not provide any dynamic trunk negotiation What are the four supported modes of LACP? - ✔✔On, off, active, and passive What does the channel-group bind? - ✔✔The port channel interface to an EtherChannel What is a Layer 2 port channel? - ✔✔Logical interface comprised of EtherChannel access ports or trunk ports How is the Layer 2 port channel created? - ✔✔It is created automatically based on the channel-group number What are the supported channel-group numbers? - ✔✔ 1 - 4096 What is a Layer 3 port channel? - ✔✔Routed logical interface comprised of EtherChannel access ports or trunk ports
What is Active mode in LACP? - ✔✔The active end of the group sends out a LACP frame and initiates the negotiation to form the EtherChannel. Both ends could be active and the result will be the same What is Passive mode in LACP? - ✔✔Does not initiate the negotiation, it just responds to LACP packets initiated by the other end. If both ends are passive, the EtherChannel would bot be formed What is PAgP? - ✔✔Port Aggregation Protocol: Cisco proprietary networking protocol, which is used for the automated, logical aggregation of Ethernet switch ports What is the default mode for LACP? - ✔✔Passive Mode What is the default mode for PAgP? - ✔✔Auto Mode What layer of the TCP/IP model does HTTP belong? - ✔✔Application Layer What layer of the TCP/IP model does POP 3 belong? - ✔✔Application Layer What layer of the TCP/IP model does SMTP belong? - ✔✔Application Layer What layer of the TCP/IP model does TCP and UDP belong? - ✔✔Transport Layer What layer of the TCP/IP model does ICMP belong? - ✔✔Internet Layer What does the Application Layer define? - ✔✔Does not define the applications itself, but it defines services that applications need. The Application Layer provides an interface between software running on a computer and the network itself. What does the return code 200 mean in an HTTP header? - ✔✔OK What does the return code 404 mean in an HTTP header? - ✔✔Not found
What is a Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter (GBIC)? - ✔✔Original form factor for a removable transceiver for Gigabit interfaces; larger than SFPs What is a Small Form Pluggable (SFP)? - ✔✔Replacement for GBICs, used on Gigabit interfaces, with a smaller size, taking less space on the side of the networking card or switch What is a Small Form Pluggable Plus (SFP+)? - ✔✔Same size as the SFP, but used on 10 - Gbps interfaces How many pairs of wires do the 10 BASE-T and 100 BASE-T use? - ✔✔ 2 pairs What pins do Ethernet NIC transmitters use? - ✔✔The pair connected to pins 1 and 2 What pins do Ethernet NIC receivers use? - ✔✔The pair connected to pins 3 and 6 What pins do Switch transmitters use? - ✔✔The pair connected to pins 3 and 6 What pins do Switch receivers use? - ✔✔The pair connected to pins 1 and 2 What cable would you use to connect a computer to a switch? - ✔✔Straight through cable What devices transmit on pins 3 and 6? - ✔✔Switches and Hubs What devices transmit on pins 1 and 2? - ✔✔NICs, Routers, APs When would you use a Crossover Cable? - ✔✔When the endpoints transmit on the same pair When would you use a Straight through Cable? - ✔✔When the endpoints transmit on different pairs
What is the cable type and maximum distance of 10 GBASE-LX 4? - ✔✔Multimode - 300 meters What is auto-mdix? - ✔✔In Cisco switches, it notices when the wrong cable is used and automatically changes its login to make it work. What is the maximum length of many UTP-based Ethernet standards? - ✔✔ 100 meters What are the layers of a fiber cable inside going outward? - ✔✔Core, Cladding, Buffer, Strengthener, Outer Jacket What are the layers of a fiber cable outside going in? - ✔✔Outer Jacket, Strengthener, Buffer, Cladding, Core What is the light source for a fiber cable? - ✔✔Optical Transmitter What is the purpose of the cladding in a fiber cable? - ✔✔Reflect light back into the core Which mode of fiber cable has around one-fifth the diameter of the other mode? - ✔✔Single-Mode Fiber What type of light source does Multimode Fiber use? - ✔✔Light Emitting Diode (LED) What type of light source does Single-Mode Fiber use? - ✔✔Laser What distance do standards of 10 Gigabit over Fiber allow? - ✔✔ 400 meters What does Multimode fiber improve on? - ✔✔Improves the maximum distance over UTP and uses less expensive transmitters as compared to single-mode What is the cable type and maximum distance of 10 GBASE-S? - ✔✔Multimode - 400 meters
What is the transmit speed of a T 1 line? - ✔✔ 1. 544 Mbps What is the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)? - ✔✔Defines the maximum Layer 3 packet that can be sent over a medium How many bytes and purpose of the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) in an Ethernet trailer? - ✔✔ 4 bytes - Provides a method for the receiving NIC to determine whether the frame experienced transmission errors How many bytes are the Ethernet header and trailer? - ✔✔Header = 22 + Trailer = 4 == 26 bytes What does the FCS do in the Ethernet Trailer? - ✔✔Gives the receiving node a way to compare results with the sender, to discover whether errors occurred in the frame How does the FCS perform in the Ethernet Trailer? - ✔✔Sender applies a complex math formula to the frame before sending it, storing the result of the formula in the FCS field. The receiver applies the same formula to the received frame. If the results are different, an error occurred, and the receiver discards the frame What do WAN technologies define? - ✔✔The physical (Layer 1 ) and data link (Layer 2 ) protocols used to communicate long distances What duplex is a Leased Line link? - ✔✔Full-Duplex Why are they called Leased Lines? - ✔✔The fact that the telco company does not own the line but instead pays a monthly lease fee to use it What are other names used for Leased Lines? - ✔✔Leased Circuit, Circuit, Serial Line, Serial Link, Point- to-point link, Point-to-point line, WAN link What is a Private Line (WAN)? - ✔✔A line that data sent over it cannot be copied by other telco customers, so the data is private
Where do Telcos put their equipment? - ✔✔In buildings called Central Offices (COs) What layer of tranmission service do Leased Lines define? - ✔✔Physical (Layer 1 ); many companies and standards organizations have created data-link protocols to control and use Leased Lines What is the High-Level Data Link Control Protocol? - ✔✔Bit-oriented code-transparent synchronous data link layer protocol used for Leased Lines. It performs less work than Ethernet because the frame can only go one place; to the other end of the line. While HDLC has an address field, the destination is implied. What differentiates the HDLC header from ISO to Cisco standard? - ✔✔The Cisco standard header has the 'Type' field so routers understand which routing protocol the frame holds What HDLC field is equivalent to the Preamble and SFD fields in an Ethernet Frame? - ✔✔Flag What does the Flag do in an HDLC header? - ✔✔Lists a recognizable bit pattern s that the receiving nodes realize a new frame is arriving What are the four fields in the Cisco proprietary HDLC header in order? - ✔✔Flag, Address, Control, and Type What field(s) are in the HDLC trailer? - ✔✔Frame Check Sequence (FCS) What is the PoP? - ✔✔Point of Presence: Nearby SP location that connects to the customer building What is EoMPLS? - ✔✔Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching, a technology that can be used to create the Ethernet service for a customer How many bytes are in the IP header? - ✔✔ 20 bytes
What is the default aging timer for a MAC Address table? - ✔✔ 300 seconds What does a switch do when the MAC Address table is full? - ✔✔Times out the oldest record in the table What does the login command do on a line interface? - ✔✔Tells IOS to enable the user of a single shared password with no username on this line, so that the switch asks the user for the password How do you create local users & associated them to lines? - ✔✔'username password ' 'line #' 'login local' What commands are necessary for ssh? - ✔✔'hostname ' 'ip domain-name ' crypto key generate rsa' What can you add to 'crypto key generate rsa' to set the modulus value? - ✔✔'modulus #' What command would you use to only allow ssh? - ✔✔'transport input ssh' What modulus value should be at least used with sshv 2? - ✔✔ 768 - bit key How do you override default settings of sshv 1 support? - ✔✔'ip ssh version 2 ' What is the SVI? - ✔✔Switch Virtual Interface - VLAN interface that acts like the switch's own NIC How do you give an SVI DHCP? - ✔✔'int vlan 1 ' 'ip address dhcp'
How do you set the history size of only the current session? - ✔✔'terminal history size #' How do you disable uto syslog at console? - ✔✔'no logging console' What subnet mask is considered the serial mask? - ✔✔ 255. 255. 255. 252
