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Respiratory Physiology: Lung Volumes, Capacities, and Mechanics, Exams of Advanced Education

Stanford UniversityAdvanced Education

A detailed overview of respiratory physiology, covering key concepts such as lung volumes and capacities, breathing mechanics, and the role of muscles in respiration. It explores the differences between quiet and forced breathing, examines the relationship between lung volumes and pressure, and delves into the specific requirements of speech breathing. The document also includes exercises and questions to test understanding.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 04/11/2025

Prof-Morrison
Prof-Morrison 🇺🇸

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CD 442 Midterm Test Latest Update
Components that make up the upper vs lower airways - Answer oral, nasal, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Boyle's law and the Kinetic Theory of Gases in terms of respiration - Answer Boyle's:
volume of gas and pressure are inversely proportional
Kinetic Theory: gas flows in the direction of greater to lower
atmospheric pressure, negative and positive pressures and how it affects airflow during
respiration - Answer Atmospheric pressure: pressure at sea level
Negative Pressure: less then AP
Positive Pressure: greater than AP
the thoracic cavity increases in size in 3 dimensions - Answer
Main muscles of inspiration - Answer diaphragm (between thorax and abdomen)
external intercostal (between ribs)
Main muscles of Expiration - Answer abdominals (rectus, external oblique, internal
oblique, transverse)
internal intercostals
scalenes and sternocleidomastoid are accessory muscles of inhalation - Answer
roles of main muscles vs accessory muscles - Answer main muscles appear to be
routinely active for rest breathing accessory muscles kick in when greater air intake is
necessary
main muscles of inhalation are active during quiet breathing and that accessory
muscles are mainly active during exertion - Answer
quiet exhalation is a passive process (depends mainly on non-muscular restorative
forces) - Answer
forced exhalation depends mainly on abdominal musculature (need to decrease size of
thoracic cavity to expel air) - Answer
lungs-thorax unit and how they work together - Answer
REL/RLV - Answer when the lungs are somewhat expanded and the thorax is somewhat
compressed
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CD 442 Midterm Test Latest Update

Components that make up the upper vs lower airways - Answer oral, nasal, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Boyle's law and the Kinetic Theory of Gases in terms of respiration - Answer Boyle's: volume of gas and pressure are inversely proportional Kinetic Theory: gas flows in the direction of greater to lower atmospheric pressure, negative and positive pressures and how it affects airflow during respiration - Answer Atmospheric pressure: pressure at sea level Negative Pressure: less then AP Positive Pressure: greater than AP the thoracic cavity increases in size in 3 dimensions - Answer Main muscles of inspiration - Answer diaphragm (between thorax and abdomen) external intercostal (between ribs) Main muscles of Expiration - Answer abdominals (rectus, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse) internal intercostals scalenes and sternocleidomastoid are accessory muscles of inhalation - Answer roles of main muscles vs accessory muscles - Answer main muscles appear to be routinely active for rest breathing accessory muscles kick in when greater air intake is necessary main muscles of inhalation are active during quiet breathing and that accessory muscles are mainly active during exertion - Answer quiet exhalation is a passive process (depends mainly on non-muscular restorative forces) - Answer forced exhalation depends mainly on abdominal musculature (need to decrease size of thoracic cavity to expel air) - Answer lungs-thorax unit and how they work together - Answer REL/RLV - Answer when the lungs are somewhat expanded and the thorax is somewhat compressed

alveolar, intrapleural, subglottal, and abdominal pressure - Answer alveolar: pressure inside the lungs intrapleural: pressure in the pleural cavity subglottal: pressure in vocal folds abdominal: pressure in abdominal cavity Process of quiet breathing - Answer uses minimal amount of air. uses active inhalation and passive exhalation forced respiration - Answer active breathing that uses extra muscles to expand and contract thoracic cavity Lung volumes - Answer Tidal Volume (TV) amount of air from inhale and exhale in one cycle Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) amount of air in one inhale Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) amount of air left over after one exhale Residual Volume (RV) amount of air in the lungs that cannot be expelled Lung capacities - Answer -vital capacity (VC) maximum amount of air that can be expelled -inspiratory capacity (IC) amount of air that can be taken into the lungs in a full inspiration -functional residual capacity (FRC) amount of air remaining at the end of a normal quiet exhalation -total lung capacity (TLC) total amount of air the lungs can hold Be able to identify and/or label the different volumes and capacities - Answer a simple real-life activity scenario, know what lung volumes or capacities would be used

  • Answer how functional residual capacity changes with body position - Answer changes with body position, most lung volumes and capacities decrease when a person is lying on their backs general physiologic changes with age, related to respiration - Answer speech breathing decreases with age, chest wall becomes less elastic, more rigid and stiffer Differences between speech breathing and breathing for life - Answer breathing for speech has specific respiratory requirements o pressure requirements

understand the volume-pressure diagram - Answer

role of muscular effort in controlling/creating different pressures at different lung volumes - Answer depends on the alveolar needed and the pressure that exists at the LV

checking action - Answer use of the muscles of inspiration to prevent lung/thorax from crashing

How lung volumes and muscular effort interact in the dynamic process of speech (muscles gradually stop contracting to maintain pressure needed) - Answer

speech mechanism operates as a variable resistance to airflow - Answer