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A detailed overview of the process of mitosis, which is the cell division process responsible for generating genetically identical daughter cells. It covers key concepts such as homologous chromosomes, chromosome duplication, the phases of the cell cycle (interphase and mitosis), and the regulation of the cell cycle through checkpoint controls. The document also includes references to relevant textbooks and resources, as well as information about tutorial schedules and assessments. By studying this document, students can gain a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms and importance of mitosis in the growth, development, and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
Typology: Lecture notes
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G e n e t i c s
Key Concept Homologous chromosomes Chromosomes Chromosomes duplication Phase of cell division – interphase + Mitosis Regulation of cell cycle: three checkpoints!
B y D r. M S L e R o u x m a r l o n l e r o u x @ s u n. a c. z a
Remember:
A1T2 assess will be on lecture 1 – 4 A2 assess will be on lecture 4- A3 assess will be on lecture 1 – 9
Future details of type of questions you will only get in class, example questions
Growth & development
Hair
nails
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNONMyF7NFI
F r o m z y g o t e t o a d u l t
Repair and replacement
W o u n d h e a l i n g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDmnOiZ5vhc&ab_channel=Kolo%2FTimeLapse
Cell division is super important for life!
But why?
And when is the process activation?
The eukaryotic cell cycle
Control Essential for normal development (growth and replacement)
Growth^ DNA^ replication
Synthesis of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Mitosis Produces cells that are genetically identical to parent cells
Eukaryotic DNA is packaged in
Chromosomes
Watch this video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbSIBhFwQ4s
Chromosome numbers in different diploid organisms
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-genetics/32-chromosomes/chromosome-number.html
Diploid (2n) number of chromosomes
Remember! A cell that has two copies of the same type of chromosome is diploid The two chromosomes of each pair are called homologous chromosomes
(23 pairs)
Diploid means having two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and the other set inherited from the father. This means that diploid organisms have two copies of each chromosome and two copies of each gene. Most animals and many plants are diploid, and they reproduce sexually, which can result in genetically diverse offspring.
Homologous chromosomes have the same genes in the same
order along the DNA molecule
Gene 2 Gene 3
‘Father’ ‘Mother’
Gene 1
Chromosome numbers in human cells
Human somatic cells are diploid (2n)
46 chromosomes = 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
One maternal and one paternal chromosome
This is plant somatic cells = tissue culture
A somatic cell is any cell in the body that is not involved in reproduction. Somatic cells are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
G 2
G 1
Mitotic Growth responsible for
genetical identical cells
It consist of two phases M-Phase
and Interphase, each with their own subphase
G 2
G 1
