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HISTOLOGY 1503 - WK 1 FINAL
ASSESSMENT EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024
NEW
histology: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> the science of the microscopic structure of cells, tissues, and organs; the study of cells and tissues from their intracellular components to their organization into organs and organ systems gross anatomy: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> structures visible to the naked eye microscopic anatomy: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> deals with structures beyond the reach of the naked eye How is tissue or tissue samples obtained? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> 1. biopsy
**2. surgical excision
- postmortem dissection** What is another consideration important in regards for obtaining tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> the tissue or organ must be taken and prepared in a manner suitable for viewing with the microscope of choice What are the basic steps used in tissue preparation for light microscope? - CORRECT ANSWER **>>>>1. retrieval
- fixation
- dehydration
- clearing
- infiltration
- embedding
- trimming** step 2 of tissue preparation: fixation - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> tissue is placed in chemicals step 3 of tissue preparation: dehydration - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> tissue is placed in alcohol step 4 of tissue preparation: clearing - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>use a solution/chemical (xylol) step 5 of tissue preparation: infiltration - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> tissue is placed in melted paraffin
step 7 of tissue preparation: trimming - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> tissue is sectioned for viewing How do you stain a nuclear region? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> hematoxylin (basic stain) How do you stain a cytoplasmic region? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> eosin (acidic stain) bright-field microscope: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> transmission electron microscope (TEM): - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> specimen is higher in column scanning electron microscope (SEM): - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> specimen is lower in column and specimen representation image is more accurate antigen: specific cytokeratins - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> diagnosis: tumors of epithelial origin antigen: protein and polypeptide hormones - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>diagnosis: certain endocrine tumors antigen: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> diagnosis: glandular tumors, mainly of the digestive tract and breast antigen: steroid hormone receptors - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> diagnosis: breast duct cell tumors antigen: antigens produced by viruses - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> diagnosis: specific virus infections tissue: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit intracellular matrix: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> a nonliving material that fills the spaces between the cells cell theory: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> 1. all living matter is composed of cells
**2. cells arise from preexisting cells
- all the metabolic reactions of the living organism (all energy exchange and biosynthetic processes) take place within the cell** What are the 3 elements that compose the body? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> **1. cells
- intercellular substances
- body fluids (blood and lymph)**
cilia function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>move substances (mucus and dissolved materials) over the cell surface flagellum: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>long, singular membrane extension supported by microtubules; present on sperm cells flagellum function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>propels sperm microvilli: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface; supported by microfilaments microvilli function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>increase membrane surface area for greater absorption nucleus: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>large structure enclosed within a double membrane; contains chromatin, nucleolus (with DNA), and nucleoplasm nucleus function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing protein synthesis; location for the production of ribosomes DNA: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>organized into long structures, known as chromosomes nuclear envelope: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents; continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum nuclear envelope function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>separates nucleus from cytoplasm nuclear pores: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>openings through the nuclear envelope nuclear pores function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>allow passage of materials between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, including ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, ions, and small water-soluble molecules nucleolus: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>large, prominent structure within the nucleus nucleolus function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>functions in synthesis of ribosomes cytoplasm: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>contents of cells between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope, aka cytoskeleton of the cell, including microtubules, microfilaments, and fiber cytoplasm function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>responsible for many cellular processes including generating the cell's shape, stimulating cell-movements, and managing cell- organelles
cytosol: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) cytosol function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>provides support for organelles; serves as the viscous fluid medium through which diffusion occurs organelles: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>membrane-bound and non membrane-bound structures organelles function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell endoplasmic reticulum: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>acts as a network consisting of small, tabular-shaped structures that typically help divide the cell surfaces into luminal and extra-luminal rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER): - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>intensive interconnected membrane network that varies in shape (cisternae, tubules); ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface rough ER function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes; these proteins are secreted, become components of the plasma membrane, or serve as enzymes of lysosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER): - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>intensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes smooth ER function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>synthesizes, transports, and stores lipids (steroids); metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and poisons; forms vesicles and peroxisomes Golgi apparatus: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>series of several elongated, flattened disc- shaped/saclike membranous structures (cisternae) Golgi apparatus function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from the ER in transport vesicles; forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes; glycolipids and glycoproteins formation vesicles: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>spherical-shaped membrane-bound sacs; contain various types of materials to be transported through the cell vesicles function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>transport cellular material lysosomes: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>spherical-shaped membrane-bound organelles formed form the Golgi apparatus; contain digestive enzymes
microtubules function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>maintain cell shape and rigidity; organize and move organelles; support cilia and flagella; participate in vesicular transport; separate chromosomes during the process of cell division centrosome: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles centrosome function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>organizes microtubules; participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division proteasomes: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>large, barrel-shaped protein complexes located in both the cytosol and nucleus proteasomes function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>degrade and digest damaged or unneeded proteins; ensure quality of exported proteins inclusions: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>aggregates of specific types of molecules (melanin protein, glycogen, or lipid) inclusions function: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>serve as temporary storage for these molecules What are the 2 types of cells? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1. prokaryotic cells
- eukaryotic cells prokaryotic cells: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>primitive cells; only bacteria eukaryotic cells: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>updated/advanced cells; animal and plant cells animal cell: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>- mitochondria produce energy plant cell: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>- cell wall
- photosynthesis for energy
- large vacuoles for water storage general structure of a phospholipid: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>> phospholipid bilayer: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>two layers with heads interacting with water from inside and outside the cell hydrophilic: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>interacts with water hydrophobic: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>repels or avoids interaction with water
What makes up the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1. phospholipid bilayer
- proteins
- cholesterol What are the 6 types of membrane proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1. receptor
- enzyme
- channel
- gated channel
- cell-identity marker
- cell-adhesion molecule (CAM) function of receptor membrane proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a receptor that binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by other cells function of enzyme membrane proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>an enzyme that breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect function of channel membrane proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a channel protein that is constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell function of gated channel membrane proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a gate that opens and closes to allow solutes through only at certain times function of cell-identity marker membrane proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a glycoprotein acting as a cell-identity marker distinguishing the body's own cells from foreign cells function of cell-adhesion molecule membrane proteins: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a cell-adhesion molecule (CAM) that binds one cell to another passive processes: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to the kinetic energy of the substance; no expenditure of cellular energy is required; continues until equilibrium is reached (if unopposed) What are the 3 passive processes? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1. simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion (channel- and carrier-mediated)
- osmosis simple diffusion: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>unassisted net movement of small, nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane example of simple diffusion: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body tissues
secondary active transport: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>movement of a substance up its concentration gradient is powered by harnessing the movement of a second substance (Na+) down its concentration gradient symport active transport: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>movement of a substance up its concentration gradient in the same direction as Na+ example of symport active transport: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Na+/glucose transport antiport active transport: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction from Na+ example of antiport active transport: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Na+/H+ transport vesicular transport: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a cell or released from a cell What are the 5 types of vesicular transport? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1. exocytosis
- endocytosis
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis exocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>bulk movement of substances such as macromolecules out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane as a result of regulated secretory pathways; forms cell walls example of exocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>release of neurotransmitter by nerve cells endocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>bulk movement of substances such as macromolecules into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane as a result of phagocytosis and pinocytosis phagocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as solid particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia example of phagocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>white blood cell engulfing a bacterium pinocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as liquid interstitial fluid and particles are taken up by the cell example of pinocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>formation of small vesicles in capillary wall to move substances
receptor-mediated endocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>type of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell example of receptor-mediated endocytosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>uptake of cholesterol into cells the cell cycle: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>interphase
- G
- S
- G mitosis
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase G1 phase of interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>8-10 hours cell metabolically active; duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; starts replicating centromeres S phase of interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>6-8 hours DNA is replicated G2 phase of interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>4-6 hours cell growth continues; enzymes and other proteins are synthesized and replication of centromeres is completed mitosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>cell division - a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells each with a full set of chromosomes (46) What is the major purpose of mitosis? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>for growth and to replace worn out cells, which not caught in time can lead to genetic disorders from changes to the DNA interphase: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>G1, S, G2 phases DNA is copied to make two full sets of chromosomes in preparation for cell division; microtubules extend from the centrosomes which each contain a pair of centrioles prophase of mitosis: - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>- chromosome condense into x- shaped structures
- sister chromatids pair up
- nucleus membrane dissolves
- mitotic spindles with microtubules and proteins begin to move to opposite sides of the cell
