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Cell Structure and Function, Exams of Biology

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)Biology

A comprehensive overview of the structure and function of cells, the fundamental units of life. It covers various organelles and components found within eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, including the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the cytoskeleton. The document also discusses key cellular processes such as transport, energy production, and cell division. Additionally, it touches on topics related to genetic disorders, cancer, and evolutionary mechanisms. This information is valuable for understanding the basic biology of cells and their role in the functioning of living organisms.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 10/06/2024

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Bio 114 Exam with questions and answers 2024

Final SOLUTION

1. What happens when a protein is denatured? - ANSWER- It loses its 3-dimensional

structure (shape) and stops functioning normally.

2. Which best defines a gene in the molecular sense of the word? - ANSWER- a

segment of DNA that encodes the primary structure of a protein

3. unsaturated fatty acid - ANSWER-

4. Which of these has "kinky" fatty acid tails, is liquid at room temperature, and

is healthy to eat? - ANSWER- unsaturated fat

5. Most of these are bacteria or fungi. They are vitally important to chemical cycling

because they consume dead material and release simpler nutrients. - ANSWER-

decomposers

6. Like gasoline, are mostly made of long chains of carbon and

hydrogen. They are also rich in energy. - ANSWER- triglycerides (fats and oils)

7. Here is a scenario excerpted from a recent post in ScienceNow, a blog produced by

the American Academy for the Advancement of Science. "A drug used for decades to

treat high blood pressure and other conditions has shown promise in a small clinical

trial for autism...

Discover Exams of Biology A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)

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Bio 114 Exam with questions and answers 2024

Final SOLUTION

What happens when a protein is denatured? - ANSWER- It loses its 3-dimensional structure (shape) and stops functioning normally.
Which best defines a gene in the molecular sense of the word? - ANSWER- a segment of DNA that encodes the primary structure of a protein
unsaturated fatty acid - ANSWER-
Which of these has "kinky" fatty acid tails, is liquid at room temperature, and is healthy to eat? - ANSWER- unsaturated fat
Most of these are bacteria or fungi. They are vitally important to chemical cycling because they consume dead material and release simpler nutrients. - ANSWER- decomposers
Like gasoline, are mostly made of long chains of carbon and hydrogen. They are also rich in energy. - ANSWER- triglycerides (fats and oils)
Here is a scenario excerpted from a recent post in ScienceNow, a blog produced by the American Academy for the Advancement of Science. "A drug used for decades to treat high blood pressure and other conditions has shown promise in a small clinical trial for autism...

Several lines of evidence suggest that autism interferes with the neurotransmitter GABA... Bumetanide may enhance the effects of GABA... In a new study, researchers... recruited 60 autistic children between the ages of 3 and 11 and randomly assigned them to receive either a daily pill of bumetanide or a placebo. (Neither the children's parents nor the researchers who assessed the children knew who received the actual drug.)
As a group, those who got bumetanide improved by 5.6 points on a 60-point scale that's often used to assess behaviors related to autism, the researchers report today in Translational Psychiatry. That was enough to nudge the group a - ANSWER- Patient's drug status (bumetanide or placebo) - independent variable
60-point scale used to measure autistic behaviors -
dependent variable
30 children who received the drug bumetanide - experimental group
30 children who received a placebo but were otherwise treated the same as those who got the drug -
control group
Modern dog breeds all descend from wolves, but through a vast range of dog shapes, sizes, and behaviors have been produced. - ANSWER- artificial selection
cholesterol - ANSWER-
amino acid - ANSWER-

Which kinds of ideas are generally outside the bounds of science / nonscientific in nature? - ANSWER- Explanations that involve supernatural beings and/or value judgments
In ecosystems, chemicals ; energy. - ANSWER- Chemicals are recycled;
energy flows through.
Na (sodium) becomes a positively charged Na+ ion when it - ANSWER- loses an outer electron
Salt and sugar are both... Hydrophilic or Hydrophilic? - ANSWER- Hydrophilic
Oils and waxes are... Hydrophilic or Hydrophilic? - ANSWER- Hydrophobic
Carbohydrates have polar regions and therefore are generally... Hydrophilic or Hydrophilic? - ANSWER- Hydrophilic
Substances like the fatty acid tails of lipids are nonpolar and are almost always... Hydrophilic or Hydrophilic? - ANSWER- Hydrophobic
Your body contains well over 10,000 different kinds of , which is far greater than the diversity of the other macromolecule types. These big and oddly shaped molecules play a huge range of roles including structure, movement, defense, recognition, and speeding up chemical reactions. - ANSWER- proteins

Can aerobic exercise boost your brain power? To test this idea, a study was done where 29 participants were put on an aerobic exercise program and another 29 participants did a stretching program. Which group was the control group? - ANSWER- The participants who did the stretching, but not aerobic exercise.
provide structure, act as enzymes, allow recognition and motion, and much more - ANSWER- proteins
store energy, make up cell membranes, can act as a waterproofing sealant, and some function as hormones - ANSWER- lipids
main function is to store energy and deliver it to cells; some are used as a structural material by plants - ANSWER- carbohydrates
two atoms share electrons, creating a durable molecule - ANSWER- covalent bond
example: the attraction between Na+ and Cl- in table salt - ANSWER- ionic bond
the H atom of one polar molecule is attracted to the O or N atom in another polar molecule - ANSWER- hydrogen bond
Scenario: C. dificile is a bacterium that can cause colitis (bloody diarrhea and fever) in humans. People infected with C. dificile are normally treated with antibiotics but this often doesn't work. A newer approach is to provide patients with "transplants" of feces from healthy people. The "good bacteria" in the feces often restore the patient's digestive system back to a healthier state. As reported recently in the Boston Globe, "In a new study published in the New England Journal of Medicine 13 of 16 patients given a fecal transplant saw their [C. dificile colitis] symptoms resolve. In contrast,

Egg albumin is a protein that is used by the developing chick to build its own proteins. In a living egg it is clear, but if you fry an egg the clear fluid turns white and solid. Why? - ANSWER- Heat denatures the protein molecules, causing them to unravel and link up in a white solid.
Within an organ are various : groups of cells that perform similar functions. - ANSWER- tissues
I am a mushroom (hear me roar). My cells have many organelles and at least one nucleus each. My body is composed of many thousands of cells working together as a unit. What am I? - ANSWER- a eukaryote
Biofuels can be made from grain, potatoes, crop wastes, wood, or grasses. The first step is to break the complex carbohydrates down to simple sugars. This is simple to do with grains and root crops because they contain mainly starch. It is harder with wood, crop wastes, or grasses because the main carbohydrate in these sources is , a structural material that is hard to digest. - ANSWER- cellulose
Which part of a water molecule carries a slight (partial) positive charge? - ANSWER- End where two H atoms stick out like "Mickey Mouse ears."
Plants store energy in molecules of. - ANSWER- starch
polymer that stores sugar in animal muscles and liver cells. - ANSWER- glycogen
Carbohydrate monomer that is a building block for many other molecules. An energy source. - ANSWER- glucose

The "string" in a string bean or celery stick. This polymer makes up plant fibers. - ANSWER- cellulose
I am a yeast. My cell has a rigid wall, many organelles, and a nucleus. I cannot chase my food down and ingest it, but I can grow into my food, digest it externally, and absorb the resulting food molecules. I am a decomposer, feeding mainly on decaying fruit or sugary liquids. What am I? - ANSWER- a fungus
A metal paper clip can be rested on the surface of water if you are careful. How does this work? - ANSWER- Hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause them to exhibit cohesion and high surface tension.
I'm a lightweight, very flighty and energetic, and people always say I am too negative.
- ANSWER- electron
I am big and heavy, but that's just more of me to love! I am at home right in the middle of things, and I have a positive attitude. - ANSWER- proton
I hang around with a crowd of positive people but I myself am neutral. - ANSWER- neutron
Have at least one "kinked" fatty acid; are liquid oils at room temperature. - ANSWER- unsaturated fat
Good for you, particularly the "omega-3" types found in fish and walnuts. - ANSWER- unsaturated fat

Scientific, or not Scientific?
People get sick as a punishment from God because of their lack of faith.
Idea: Development of cities (pavement, storm sewers) makes it more likely that rivers in an area will flood.
Treating children with antibiotics can increase their risk for developing allergies later in life.
Each person is surrounded by an aura of psychic energy. This aura can only be detected by people with special spiritual powers; you have to believe in it to see it.
Van Gogh's art is more beautiful and meaningful than Andy Warhol's. - ANSWER- 1. This question or idea is NOT SCIENTIFIC in nature and CANNOT be studied with the tools of science.
1. This question or idea IS SCIENTIFIC in nature and can be studied with the tools of science.
1. This question or idea IS SCIENTIFIC in nature and can be studied with the tools of science.
1. This question or idea is NOT SCIENTIFIC in nature and CANNOT be studied with the tools of science.

This question or idea is NOT SCIENTIFIC in nature and CANNOT be studied with the tools of science.
I-Cell Disease occurs because an enzyme is out of place in cells. The enzyme is made normally, but it is not sent to the lysosomes within the cell where it is needed. Instead, the protein is excreted from the plasma membrane. What organelle is not doing its job properly in cells of patients with this disease? - ANSWER- Golgi body or apparatus
encloses cell, lets certain things into and out of cell - ANSWER- plasma membrane
float in lipid bilayer; give each membrane its specific functions and properties - ANSWER- membrane proteins
found in plant cells; rigid "cage" of cellulose that gives the cell its shape - ANSWER- cell wall
external moving structures that allow cells to swim or move fluids over their surfaces
- ANSWER- cilia and flagella
Is this true of mitochondria, chloroplast, or both?
specializes in making ATP from glucose
organelle where photosynthesis occurs
found in plant cells

Antabuse is a drug that is used to treat alcoholism. Antabuse binds to an enzyme that is involved in the breakdown of alcohol. As a result, the enzyme's active site changes shape and the reaction slows down. For the patient, this means that alcohol is not metabolized normally and a drink or two of alcohol will cause unpleasant symptoms. Antabuse is a(n) of the enzyme in question.

- ANSWER- inhibitor

What happens in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? - ANSWER- The substrate is turned to product and the enzyme is unchanged.
plasma membrane - ANSWER-
An enzyme will "grab hold" of a substrate and put it under stress, making the catalyzed reaction much more likely. This process of "grabbing hold" is called and occurs at the enzyme's. - ANSWER- called induced fit; occurs at the enzyme's active site
Which equation below best expresses a possible relationship between energy intake and output according to the laws of thermodynamics? Assume for a starting point that you take in 300 Cal by eating pizza. You then go out for a short run. Which description would best account for that energy? - ANSWER- About 100 Cal will be transferred to power work within cells, including muscle contraction, and the other 200 Cal will be released as heat.
Microtubules are structures that form when proteins assemble into a cylinder. They move chromosomes within cells and provide "tracks" that guide the movement of vesicles. They are part of the... - ANSWER- cytoskeleton

encloses DNA - ANSWER- nucleus
tiny structure that assembles proteins; found in all cells - ANSWER- ribosome
creates an inner framework for movement and shape - ANSWER- cytoskeleton
produces, modifies, and breaks down large molecules - ANSWER- endomembrane system
studded with ribosomes; makes proteins - ANSWER- rough endoplasmic reticulum
enzymes embedded in the make lipids including cell membrane material; also break down carbohydrates, fatty acids, and some toxins - ANSWER- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
finishes proteins and sorts them into vesicles that carry them to their destinations - ANSWER- Golgi body
You are trying to create a new enzyme that digests cellulose through directed evolution. This enzyme would be really useful in making fuels from grass or wood.
You have a starting gene that codes for a similar enzyme; but this starting enzyme digests starch, not cellulose. What would be a logical first step in your directed evolution project? - ANSWER- Duplicate your starting gene and treat it with a mutagen to produce a varied population of mutant genes.

rough endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER-
Metabolism works through chemical reactions that store and release energy. Choose the correct order of energy content below, comparing the stored energy content of a single molecule of each substance named. - ANSWER- Most potential energy = glucose --> ATP is intermediate --> carbon dioxide = least energy
Cell is surrounded by a fluid that has more dissolved solutes than the cell's interior. Ex. cell submerged in salty brine or sugary syrup. - ANSWER- Water tends to flow out of cell. Both plant and animal cells will shrivel; plant will wilt as a result.
Cell is surrounded by a fluid that has fewer dissolved solutes than the cell's interior. Example: blood cell submerged in pure distilled water or plant root cell exposed to rainwater trickling through soil. - ANSWER- Water moves into cell. Animal cell may burst, plant cell will swell up to fill its rigid walls.
Cell's interior has a solute concentration that is the same as that of the surrounding fluid. Example: blood cell submerged in blood plasma in a healthy human being. - ANSWER- Water moves into and out of cell at equal rates so volume stays constant. Both plant and animal cells will maintain their normal volume.
Region where ribosomes are built. - ANSWER- nucleolus
ocation where DNA is stored and where mRNA is produced. - ANSWER- nucleus
Part(s) of cell where proteins are built using information from mRNA. - ANSWER- rough ER and cytosol

Structure that attaches to mRNA and sythesizes proteins. - ANSWER- ribosome
Cells move stuff across membranes, they have proteins that flex and enable movement, and they build molecules that wouldn't form on their own. What is the molecule that supplies a small amount of energy to directly power this kind of work? - ANSWER- ATP
Why don't energy-releasing reactions happen all the time, at the fastest possible rate? For example, you and I have lots of high-energy bonds; if we burned, these bonds would be broken and replaced with lower-energy bonds. So why don't we spontaneously combust? - ANSWER- An initial input of energy - activation energy - is required to destabilize our existing bonds and get the combustion reaction going. For humans a large amount of heat would be required to start us on fire.
Ricin is a toxin that pops up in the news every so often. For example, it was found in letters mailed to the President and to New York mayor Michael Bloomberg. It's hard to deliver an effective dose of the poison, but if enough gets into you the toxin is extremely potent. Ricin disables ribosomes; as a result... - ANSWER- cells cannot build proteins.
A membrane protein is tube-shaped and is mostly hydrophobic but it has small hydrophilic regions on either end and on the inner wall of the "tube." Based on the shape, what is the most likely function of this protein? - ANSWER- It is probably a transport protein.
Sodium has a concentration of 100 units inside a cell and 160 units in the surrounding seawater. What would be the minimum equipment required to move

Food calories; the energy stored in the starch molecules within a piece of bread. - ANSWER- 1. kinetic energy
1. potential energy
1. kinetic energy
1. kinetic energy
potential energy
Tay-Sachs disease occurs because do not function normally. As a result, wastes build up in affected cells. - ANSWER- lysosomes
A membrane protein is tube-shaped and is mostly hydrophobic but it has small hydrophilic regions on either end and on the inner wall of the "tube." How is this protein likely to orient in the lipid bilayer? - ANSWER- The hydrophobic middle will be buried in the core of the bilayer and the hydrophilic ends will be on the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane.
Select the option below that most accurately and completely describes a pathway that energy might take through life. The arrows represent transfers of energy. Remember to respect both Laws of Thermodynamics. - ANSWER- sunlight --> chemical energy in a producer + dispersed energy (heat) --> chemical energy in a consumer + dispersed energy (heat)

outer boundary of all cell types; regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell - ANSWER- plasma membrane
water and dissolved molecules (sugars, ions, proteins) that make up the fluid of a cell - ANSWER- cytosol
large inner compartment that contains DNA in some cell types - ANSWER- nucleus
mitochondrion - ANSWER-
Your blood contains white cells called macrophages. They surround and engulf bacterial cells, thus helping to fight infection. The process by which macrophages "eat" bacteria is called. - ANSWER- phagocytosis
A cell's plasma membrane is... - ANSWER- fluid and selectively permeable; it controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Every second in each of your cells, thousands or millions of molecules go through a cycle: ATP --> ADP + phosphate --> ATP.
Match the items below to show an understanding of this "ATP cycle." Each option is used more than once.
This is a building-up reaction and requires energy from an outside source.
This is a breakdown reaction and can release energy to power work in a cell.

Cell Structure and Function, Exams of Biology

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Download Cell Structure and Function and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Bio 114 Exam with questions and answers 2024

Final SOLUTION