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NURS 5350 Adv Patho Exam 1 Study Review
1. Seven specialized cellular functions:: movement, conductivity, metabolic ab-
sorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
2. Nucleus: aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the
egg yolk)
3. Ribosomes: RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for
cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for transportation and secretion
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): specializes in the synthesis and transport of the
protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles (memory factory)
5. Golgi complex: Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles
and transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in cytoplasm; traffic cop- what goes in and out of cytoplasm)
6. Lysosomes: An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove
wastes, digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest cell contents; autodigestion occurs in starvation
7. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids into ATP; to keep the cell alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell
8. Cytoskeleton: A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to
keep its shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of the cell; have cilia to move it on out
9. Characteristics of plasma membrane: made up of lipids and proteins; the basic
component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible for the structural integrity of the membrane
10. The prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells
2 / across the plasma membrane: Phospholipid layer
11. Prokaryote: unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles
(include cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia)
12. Eukaryote: organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/
intracellular anatomy
13. cellular receptors: protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cyto-
plasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands
14. 3 types of cellular receptors: plasma membrane receptors, channel-linked
receptors, non-channel-linked receptors
15. passive transport: The movement of materials through a cell membrane WITH-
OUT using energy; no-energy transport of uncharged molecules through any semi-permeable barrier (occurs down a concentration gradient)
16. Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
17. concentration gradient: A difference in the concentration of a substance
across a distance.
18. hydrostatic pressure: the mechanical force of water PUSHING against cellular
membranes
19. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from
a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration; directly r/t hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration; PULL
20. active transport: the movement of materials through a cell membrane using
energy
21. mediated transport: simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one
direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one direction (symport); of
4 / this phase, a glucose molecule is split forming 2 molecules of ATP through the process of oxidation; in anaerobic conditions, this process provides energy for the cell
33. oxidative phosphorylation: process by which energy is transferred into ATP
34. movement of electrical impulses: membrane potentials
35. the different in electrical charge: resting membrane potential
36. active potential: a rapid change in the resting membrane potential; carries
signals and conveys info from one cell to another
37. threshold potential: a place where depolarization occurs and the action poten-
tial begins (depolarization of 15-20 millivolts)
38. What is the most common cause of cellular injury?: hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
39. What is the most common cause of hypoxia?: ischemia (reduced blood
supply)
40. chemical injury to cells: begins w/ a biochemical interaction between a toxic
substance and the cell's plasma membrane (which is ultimately damaged)--
leading to increased permeability
41. examples of chemical injury: carbon tetrachloride (CC14) converts into a free
radical; chemical poisoning including lead, carbon monoxide, and ethanol
42. Physical Injury of Cell: direct trauma from external force; inflammatory re-
sponse
43. ionizing radiation: x-rays, gamma rays, alpha and beta rays, and sunlight lead
to damaged DNA; cells that rapidly divide are most sensitive; example cells are fetus, germ cells, tumor cells, GI mucosa and bone; effects may be immediate or delayed depending on dose and duration of exposure
44. Hypothermic injury: frostbite; initial vasoconstriction w/ paralysis of vasomo-
tor control leading to vasodilation-->increased membrane permeability--
cellular swelling-->increased blood viscosity-->ischemic injury; thrombosis can
5 / also occur leading to gangrene
45. Hyperthermic injury: burn; tissues destroyed; injury depends upon extent of
injury and how many skin layers are involved
46. partial thickness injuries: capillary dilation and increased loss of protein-rich
fluid (redness, swelling, and blistering)
47. full thickness injuries: extensive loss of fluid and plasma proteins; cellular
regeneration is not possible so grafting is needed to protect and heal
48. 5 types of necrosis: coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat necrosis, gan-
grenous
49. Coagulative necrosis: cell proteins are altered or denatured; caused from
hypoxia caused by severe ischemia
50. Where does coagulative necrosis primarily occur?: heart, kidneys, and
adrenal gland
51. liquefactive necrosis: results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in
the brain; also the process involved in abscess formation; self-digestion leads to liquid which is encapsulated in cyst and abscesses
52. caseous necrosis: degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appear-
ance; TB
53. what type of necrosis is the combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis?: caseous necrosis
54. where does fat necrosis occur?: breast, pancreas, and other abdominal or-
gans
55. fat necrosis: caused by lipase; lipases break down triglycerides, releaseing free
fatty acids which then combine w/ Ca, Mg, and Na, creating soaps; the necrotic tissue appears opaque and chalk white
56. Gangrenous necrosis: death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
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69. neoplasia: "new growth;" process starts w/ cell transformation; disorganized,
uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous
70. neoplasm: new growth (tumor)
71. benign tumors: Grow slowly
Well-defined capsule Not invasive Well differentiated Low mitotic index Do not metastasize
72. malignant tumor: Grow rapidly
NOT encapsulated Invasive Poorly differentiated High mitotic index CAN metastasis
73. carcinoma: a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue
74. lymphoma: malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
75. leukemia: cancer of the blood
76. Staging describes:: the extent of spread
77. Grading describes:: the degree of cell differentiation
78. osmosis: fluid moves from high to low water concentration
