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Correct Answers
What is matter, and what states can it exist in? - ANSWER>>Matter is anything that takes up space, by having a volume, and has mass. Matter can exist in a solid, liquid or gaseous (vapor) state.
All matter is made up of certain basic substances called elements.
Explain the difference between essential and trace elements. - ANSWER>>Essential elements are required for human life. Trace elements are required only in small quantities.
Match each of the following molecular bonds with the correct description.
Ionic bonds - ANSWER>>Generated based on the attraction between oppositely charged particles.
Match each of the following molecular bonds with the correct description.
Covalent bonds - ANSWER>>Occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to complete the valence shells of both.
Match each of the following molecular bonds with the correct description.
Hydrogen bonds - ANSWER>>Forms relatively weak bond that is easily broken.
True or False. If false, make the statement true:
Anions are positively charged ions, and cations are negatively charged ions. - ANSWER>>False. Cations are positively charged ions, and anions are negatively charged ions.
Which of the following are not one fo the organic compounds that make up a biomacromolecules?
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Ribosomes
- Carbohydrates - ANSWER>>Ribosomes.
What are carbohydrates? - ANSWER>>Carbohydrates, commonly referred to as sugars, are the primary source of fuel for organisms and have the same three elements in their main structure: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
This is a biomacromolecule.
Why are lipids unique among the biomacromolecules? - ANSWER>>Lipids are unique among the biomacromolecules because most of them are insoluble in water. Additionally, lipids are not monomers but are assembled from smaller molecules that are chemically linked together.
Why are lipids insoluble in water? - ANSWER>>Lipids are insoluble in water because they are made mostly of non-polar hydrocarbon chains. As water is polar, it will only dissolve other polar or ionically bonded substances. Lipids are non- polar, and this is why they are insoluble in water but can dissolved with non-polar solvents such as alcohol.
DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms.
RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
Describe the structure of DNA and RNA. - ANSWER>>DNA and RNA exist as chains of nucleotides. The sugar of one nucleotide is linked to the phosphate of the next nucleotide, while the nitrogenous base protrudes from each sugar in the string.
RNA is most commonly a single chain of nucleotides, whereas DNA is a double chain held together by hydrogen bonds between protruding bases.
What are some of the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- ANSWER>>Prokaryotic cells (also-called prokaryotes) are considered simple cells and have three defining characteristics: size, non-enclosed genetic material and lack of organelles and other internal membrane bound structures.
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells. Most organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes are 10-100 times larger, possess a nuclear membrane (eukaryotic means "true nucleus") and contain membrane-bound organelles.
What organelles of the cells are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins?
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Lysosomes
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes - ANSWER>>Ribosomes.
What 3 types of protein fibers make up the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER>>The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers called microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Which type of cell junctions are mechanical structures that wrap around the cell to prevent extracellular fluid from leaking?
- Gap junctions
- Synaptic junctions
- Tight junctions
- Desmosomes - ANSWER>>Tight junctions.
What is the purpose of the cell membrane? - ANSWER>>The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is the outermost constituent of the cell. This membrane is responsible for enclosing the cell's cytoplasm and organelles and separates the extracellular (external) environment from the intracellular (internal) cellular environment.
Explain the main difference between passive and active transport and provide an example of each. - ANSWER>>Passive diffusion occurs when substances move through the membrane without the input of energy; whereas, active transport occurs when an input of energy is required to move substances through the membrane.
Ex of passive: In this situation, we will be talking about breathing. When you take oxygen into your lungs, the surrounding area/cells have a higher concentration of CO2. The difference in concentration results in CO2 going into the lungs. Since
Fill-in-the-Blank:
The foundational building blocks of proteins are the organic compounds ________, which are held together by ________ bonds. - ANSWER>>Amino acids; peptide.
What does the term selective permeability mean? - ANSWER>>Selective permeability is characterized by the ability of certain substances to pass through the cell membrane while other molecules cannot.
What type of lipid is made up of four, fused carbon rungs with attached functional groups that often contain an alcohol? - ANSWER>>Steroids.
What type of ion carries a positive charge? - ANSWER>>Cations.
Which organelle of the cell contains the genomic content of the cell and serves as the control center of the cell?
- Lysosomes
- Golgi apparatus
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria - ANSWER>>Nucleus.
Which of the following is/are alternative strategies of transportation used for larger macromolecules such as polysaccharides or proteins? Select all that apply.
- Endocytosis
- Vesicles
- Sodium-potassium pump
- Osmosis
- Pinocytosis - ANSWER>>- Phagocytosis.
- Endocytosis.
- Vesicles.
What are the four main types of organic molecules that make up biomacromolecules? - ANSWER>>Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What type of cell junctions are mechanical structures that wrap around the cell to prevent extracellular fluid from leaking? - ANSWER>>Tight junctions.
Nucleic acids are polymers built from monomers called ________.
- Nucleotides
- Fatty acids
- Phospholipids
- Polysaccharides - ANSWER>>Nucleotides.
True or False; If false, make the statement true.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane.
- Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus that contains the genetic material of the cell.
- Prokaryotic cells are typically larger than eukaryotic cells. - ANSWER>>Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane.
What model of membrane structure proposes that the membrane is a phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are either partially or entirely embedded? - ANSWER>>The fluid-mosaic model.
Which of the following bonds forms a relatively weak bond that is easily broken?
- Covalent
- Polar
- Ionic
- Hydrogen - ANSWER>>Hydrogen.
True or False; If false, make the statement true.
The electrical potential of ions across the cell membrane is an important element for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, mitochondrial metabolism, and hormone secretion. - ANSWER>>True.
List THREE functions of proteins. - ANSWER>>Any 3 of the following are acceptable:
(Proteins)
-can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions, -store amino acids, -act as hormones, -form antibodies for immunological defense, -act as carriers for transport and also form membrane channels, -form cell surface receptors to receive chemical messages, -act as structural molecules for support and movement.
Fill-in-the-Blank:
________ are simple sugar carbohydrates made up of a single monomer, and ________ are complex sugars, such as glycogen. - ANSWER>>Monosaccharides; polysaccharides.
Explain what happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution. - ANSWER>>When placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell will see an influx of water and will swell in size. Water flows inward to dilate the internal solute concentration (which is higher than the external solution) and obtain equilibrium. However, when the solute concentration is significantly lower than the internal cellular solute concentration, the high volume of water movement will often cause the cell to not only swell but possibly even burst.
Which of the following nitrogenous bases can be found in DNA? Select all that apply.
- Cytosine
- Adenine
- Uracil
- Guanine
The mRNA found in cells of the archaea domain would be identical to those found in the eubacteria domain. - ANSWER>>False.
Ribsomonal RNA is unique to the organism. This is why a lot of scientist study rRNA to find out information about the organism. The rRNA can be different due to multiple reasons. It allows one to make ribosomes and synthesize proteins.
Fill in the blank:
___________ plants have cells joined into tube like structures that allow for the transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body. - ANSWER>>Vascular.
Blight attacks which of the following Eukaryotic kingdoms?
- Fungi
- Protista
- Plantae
- Animalia - ANSWER>>Plantae.
Explain how the cell, the most basic unit of life, can depict the characteristic of life, order. - ANSWER>>The cell is itself highly ordered as it contains organelles, a dedicated cytoplasmic space, conducts metabolic processes, and undergoes microscale adaptions.
Fill in the blank:
Prokaryotes, known as ___________, break down dead and dying organisms and release vital elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous into the environment. - ANSWER>>Detritivores or Decomposers.
Which of the following is/are true of the Eukaryotic kingdom, Animalia? (select all that apply)
-All members of this kingdom are considered "consumers".
-All organisms are multicellular and heterotrophic.
-Organisms may be unicellular or multicellular.
- Organisms are multicellular and autotrophic. - ANSWER>>-All members of this kingdom are considered "consumers".
-All organisms are multicellular and heterotrophic.
Fill in the blank:
In the Linnaean classification system, the largest and broadest category, which encompasses all the other taxa, is the ___________. - ANSWER>>Domain.
Each of the following is true regarding the Monera Kingdom except:
- It is not recognized by all scientists as a Kingdom.
- It contains microscopic organisms that are some of the oldest inhabitants of planet Earth.
- Plasmodium can be found in this Kingdom.
- Sponges and some coral are examples. - ANSWER>>Radial symmetry- Starfish are examples.
Spherical symmetry- Sponges and some coral are examples.
Eucoelomates- Humans are examples.
Psuedoelomates- Roundworms are examples.
Fill in the blank:
Pathogenic bacteria cause illness through the production of ___________ and ___________. - ANSWER>>exotoxins: endotoxins.
By what process do most protists reproduce? State whether this process is sexual or asexual. - ANSWER>>Protists reproduce by binary fission and this process is asexual reproduction.
Which of the following is/are true regarding a rooted phylogenic tree? (select all that apply).
-It is used to demonstrate evolutionary relationships.
-It has a node that is shared between the leaves on the tree.
-It illustrates levels of relatedness without making a hypothesis about shared ancestry. - ANSWER>>-It is used to demonstrate evolutionary relationships.
-It has a node that is shared between the leaves on the tree.
True or False. If false, explain why it is false.
In protostome development, a radial cleavage occurs in the cell mass. - ANSWER>>False. In protostome development, a spiral cleavage occurs in the cell mass.
OR
In deuterostome development, a radial cleavage occurs in the cell mass.
(A radial cleavage occurs in a deutrostome development. This means it develops like a sunflower. It starts at the center and goes outward; whereas, protostome development is like a candy cane.)
A relationship between two organisms in which 1 organism benefits while the other remains unharmed or unaffected is best describes as:
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Parasitism - ANSWER>>Commensalism.
Each of the following is true of Eubacteria except:
- Their cellular structure is prokaryotic.
- Their DNA is found on plasmids.
- They reproduce by binary fission.
- Their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan. - ANSWER>>Their cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan.
Fill in the blank:
- Nitrogen
- Carbon
- Phosphorus
- Water - ANSWER>>Carbon.
The thoracic cavity of Eucoelomates houses which organs/structures? - ANSWER>>The heart and lungs.
List the 7 most widely accepted characteristics of living organisms. - ANSWER>>1. Order.
- Evolutionary adaptation.
- Regulation.
- Energy processing.
- Growth and development.
- Response to the environment.
- Reproduction.
Describe evolutionary adaptation and give an example. - ANSWER>>Evolutionary adaptation, often called generational evolution, specifically refers to smaller, genetic changes that allow for better survival of an organism.
For instance, consider camouflage. Animals that are properly camouflaged within their given environment will, theoretically, survive longer and can thus reproduce more. Coat (such as fur) color genes with the greatest survival rate will be strengthened and amplified within the population. Over time, more and more animals will inherit these colors until most of the population has the adaptive camouflage that allows for optimum survival.
What is an adaptation? What characteristic of life would an adaptation fall into? - ANSWER>>An adaptation is a change or a process that allows an organism to become better suited for their environment. They can be physical or behavioral.
For example, a crab's hard shell is a physical adaptation, while a squirrel hibernating through the winter is a behavioral adaptation. This falls into RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. - ANSWER>>Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two gametes (one from each parent) that will unite and grow into a new offspring.
Asexual reproduction, in contrast, gives rise to new offspring from a single organism.
A group of one particular species living within defined boundaries of a community best describes a(n):
- Biosphere
- Ecosystem
- Community
- Population
- Organism - ANSWER>>Population.
A system of living and non-living things in a region best describes a(n):
- Biosphere
- Ecosystem
