Cell Structure and Function Test, Quizzes of Cell Biology

Download Cell Structure and Function Test and more Quizzes Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Name ________________________________________ Date ________________________________ Mr. Lastowski AP Biology

DRAFT

Cell Structure & Function Test

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1)Which of the following occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell? A)glycolysis and fermentation B)oxidative phosphorylation C)citric acid cycle D)fermentation and chemiosmosis E)oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

2)Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? A)mitochondria B)membrane-bound ribosomes C)the Golgi apparatus D)the endoplasmic reticulum E)the lysosome

3)Of the following functions, which is most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes? A)active transport of molecules against their concentration gradients B)maintaining membrane fluidity at low temperatures C)maintaining the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane D)facilitated diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients E)a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another

4)Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) in cellular respiration? A) 4 B) 38 C) 15 D) 2 E) 76

5)The alternative pathways of photosynthesis using the C4 or CAM systems are said to be compromises. Why? A)Each one both minimizes photorespiration and optimizes the Calvin cycle. B)C4 compromises on water loss and CAM compromises on photorespiration. C)C4 plants allow less water loss but Cam plants but allow more water loss. D)CAM plants allow more water loss, while C4 plants allow less CO 2 into the plant. E)Each one minimizes both water loss and rate of photosynthesis.

6)The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, it does so by removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do the enzymes of the peroxisome do? A)transfer the hydrogens to oxygen molecules B)use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide C)transfer the harmful substances to the mitochondria D)combine the hydrogen with ATP

Refer to Figure 7.3 to answer the following questions.

The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same.

Figure 7.

7)At the beginning of the experiment, A)side A is isotonic to side B. B)side A is hypotonic to side B. C)side A is hypotonic to side B with respect to sodium chloride. D)side A is hypertonic to side B with respect to glucose. E)side A is hypertonic to side B.

8)If you examine side A after 3 days, you should find A)no change in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level. B)a decrease in the concentration of NaCl, an increase in water level, and no change in the concentration of glucose. C)a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level. D)a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and glucose and an increase in the water level. E)no net change in the system.

After reading the following paragraph, answer the question(s) below.

As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It

decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+which allows H+to leak from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. This effect leads to weight loss.

13)Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by A)preventing the conversion of NADH to NAD+. B)blocking access of H+to ATP synthetase. C)slowing down the Krebs cycle. D)lowering body temperature. E)glycolysis from occurring.

14)Which of theseoften serve as receptors or cell recognition molecules on cell surfaces? A)integrins B)integral proteins C)glycoproteins D)transmembrane proteins E)peripheral proteins

15)During chemiosmosis, A)H+ions serve as the final electron acceptor. B)energy is generated by coupling exergonic reactions with other exergonic reactions. C)ATP is synthesized when H+ions move through a protein port provided by ATP synthase. D)energy is released as H+ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. E)a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space.

16)You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule enters the cell? A)blood or tissue type of the patient B)lack of charge on the drug molecule C)non-polarity of the drug molecule D)lipid composition of the target cells' plasma membrane E)similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells

17)The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to A)combine with carbon, forming CO 2. B)catalyze the reactions of glycolysis. C)combine with lactate, forming pyruvate. D)act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. E)yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.

18)Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include A)ribosomes. B)mitochondria. C)chloroplasts. D)B and C only E)A, B, and C

19)Some photosynthetic bacteria (e.g., purple sulfur bacteria) have photosystem I but not II, while others (e.g. cyanobacteria) have both PSI and PSII. Which of the following might this observation imply? A)Cyclic flow must be the most necessary of the two processes. B)Photosystem II must have been selected against in some species. C)Cyclic flow must be more primitive than linear flow of electrons. D)Photosystem II may have evolved to be more photoprotective. E)Photosystem I must be more ancestral.

20)Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function; as a result, the rate of A)lipid synthesis increases. B)ATP synthesis decreases. C)photosynthesis increases. D)protein synthesis increases. E)ATP synthesis increases.

21)The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells? A)rough ER B)Transport vesicles C)Nuclear envelope D)smooth ER E)Golgi apparatus

22)A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A)It will have no unfavorable effect as long as the water is free of viruses and bacteria. B)The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid is hypertonic compared to the cells. C)The patient's red blood cells will shrivel up because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells. D)The patient's red blood cells will burst because the blood fluid is hypertonic compared to the cells. E)The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells.

Use the following information to answer thequestionsbelow.

Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light.

30)What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the red and blue areas? A)Bacteria released excess carbon dioxide in these areas. B)Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most oxygen being released. C)Bacteria are attracted to red and blue light and thus these wavelengths are more reactive than other wavelengths. D)Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature caused by an increase in photosynthesis. E)Bacteria congregated in these areas due to an increase in the temperature of the red and blue light.

31)An outcome of this experiment was to help determine A)the relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis. B)the relationship between wavelengths of light and the amount of heat released. C)the relationship between wavelengths of light and the rate of aerobic respiration. D)the relationship between heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms. E)the relationship between wavelengths of light and the oxygen released during photosynthesis.

32)Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? A)vacuole B)peroxisome C)Golgi apparatus D)mitochondrion E)lysosome

33)Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? A)the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume B)the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes C)the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function D)the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes E)the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells

After reading the following paragraph, answer the question(s) below.

You're conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different wavelengths of light on the absorption of carbon dioxide as an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. If the rate of photosynthesis increases, the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment will decrease and vice versa. You've added an indicator to each solution. When the carbon dioxide concentration decreases, the color of the indicator solution also changes.

Small aquatic plants are placed into three containers of water mixed with carbon dioxide and indicator solution. Container A is placed under normal sunlight, B under green light, and C under red light. The containers are observed for a 24-hour period.

34)Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because A)plants produce oxygen gas by splitting CO 2. B)the energy in CO 2 is used to produce ATP and NADPH. C)CO 2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. D)CO 2 energizes electrons in the electron transport system. E)CO 2 is needed to complete the light reactions.

35)Based on your knowledge of the process of photosynthesis, the plant in the container placed under red light would probably A)absorb no CO 2. B)absorb the same amount of CO 2 as the plants under the green light. C)absorb the same amount of CO 2 as the plants under both the green light and normal sunlight. D)absorb more CO 2 than the plants under the green light. E)absorb less CO 2 than the plants under green light.

36)By-products of cellular respiration include A)oxygen and heat. B)carbon dioxide and ATP. C)carbon dioxide and water. D)NADH and ATP. E)FADH 2 and NADH.

37)A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively, A)peroxisomes and chloroplasts. B)chloroplasts and peroxisomes. C)chloroplasts and mitochondria. D)mitochondria and peroxisomes. E)mitochondria and chloroplasts.

38)When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following? A)chemiosmosis B)reducing NADP+ C)the electron transfer system of photosystem I D)splitting the water molecules E)the electron transfer system of photosystem II

In this drawing of a chloroplast, which structure represents the thylakoid membrane? A)structure A B)structure B C)structure C D)structure D E)structure E

46)A child is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107°F. Doctors immediately order an ice bath to lower the child's temperature. Which of the following statements offers the most logical explanation for this action? A)Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzymes to catalyze vital chemical reactions. B)Elevated body temperatures easily break the covalent bonds linking biologically important molecules. This will cause a general breakdown of cell structures. C)Elevated body temperatures cause molecules to vibrate more quickly and prevent enzymes from easily attaching to reactants. This would slow vital body reactions. D)Elevated body temperature will increase reaction rates in the child's cells and overload the limited number of enzymes found in the cell. E)Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions.

47)Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes? A)a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes B)a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix C)a cell that is enlarging its vacuole D)a cell that is digesting food particles E)a cell that is secreting proteins

48)When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, A)it becomes a product. B)it acts as a reactant. C)it raises the activation energy of the reaction. D)it is used once and discarded. E)it lowers the activation energy of the reaction.

49)Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur? A)in cells that are storing glucose only B)in photosynthesizing cells in dark periods and in other tissues all the time C)in photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark D)in photosynthetic cells in the light, while photosynthesis occurs concurrently E)in non-photosynthesizing cells only

50)Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? A)proteins B)glucose C)starches D)lipids E)steroids

51)Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose- 6 - phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, an early step of glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, an increase in the amount ATP in a cell would be expected to A)inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. B)activate the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. C)inhibit the enzyme and thus slow the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. D)activate the enzyme and increase the rates of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. E)inhibit the enzyme and thus increase the rate of glycolysis and the concentration of citrate.

52)A child dies following a series of chronic bacterial infections. At the autopsy, the physicians are startled to see that the child's white blood cells are loaded with vacuoles containing intact bacteria. Which of the following explanations could account for this finding? A)A defect in the surface receptors of the white blood cells permitted bacteria to enter the cells. B)A defect in the lysosomes of the white blood cells prevented the cells from destroying engulfed bacteria. C)A defect in the Golgi apparatus prevented the cells from processing and excreting the bacteria. D)A defect in the cell walls of the white blood cells permitted bacteria to enter the cells. E)A defect in the rough endoplasmic reticulum prevented the synthesis of the antibodies (defensive proteins) that would have inactivated the bacteria.

53)Which of the following couples chemiosmosis to energy storage? A)NADH B)cytochromes C)electron transport D)ATP synthase E)FADH 2

54)Small, nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as fatty acids A)are actively transported across cell membranes. B)easily pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer. C)very slowly diffuse through a membrane's lipid bilayer. D)require transport proteins to pass through a membrane's lipid bilayer. E)usually enter the cell via endocytosis.

58)Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells? A)stroma of chloroplasts B)thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts C)cytoplasm D)outer membrane of mitochondria E)matrix of mitochondria

59)The summary equation for photosynthesis is A)6 CO 2 +6 H 2 O+sunlightC 6 H 12 O 6 +6 O 2. B)C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 +sunlight6 CO 2 +6 H 2 O. C)C 5 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 +sunlight5 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O. D)the same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse. E)6 CH 2 O+5 O 2 +sunlightCO 2 +2 H 2 O.

Which part of the mitochondrion shown is its matrix? A)structure A B)structure B C)structure C D)structure D E)structure E

61)Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion? A)It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. B)It is very rapid over long distances. C)It requires integral proteins in the cell membrane. D)It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell. E)It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.

62)Water passes quickly through cell membranes because A)it moves through hydrophobic channels. B)water movement is tied to ATP hydrolysis. C)it moves through aquaporins in the membrane. D)the bilayer is hydrophilic. E)it is a small, polar, charged molecule.

63)Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? A)the citric acid cycle B)glycolysis C)the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA D)oxidative phosphorylation E)chemiosmosis

64)What are the membrane structures that function in active transport? A)cytoskeleton filaments B)integral proteins C)carbohydrates D)cholesterol E)peripheral proteins

Which figure depicts an animal cell placed in a solution hypotonic to the cell? A)cell D B)cell A C)cell E D)cell B E)cell C

66)Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O 2 ) is present or absent?

A)electron transport B)glycolysis C)chemiosmosis D)the citric acid cycle E)oxidative phosphorylation

67)White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process? A)pinocytosis B)receptor-mediated exocytosis C)exocytosis D)phagocytosis E)osmosis

74)The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires A)a cotransport protein. B)low cellular concentrations of sodium. C)a gradient of protons across the plasma membrane. D)high cellular concentrations of potassium. E)an energy source such as ATP or a proton gradient.

75)Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are A)isotonic with fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution. B)hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution. C)hypertonic to both fresh water and the salt solution. D)hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution. E)hypotonic to fresh water but hypertonic to the salt solution.

Read the following information and refer to Figure 7.4 to answer the following questions.

Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10 - minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.

Figure 7.

76)Which line or lines represent(s) bags that contain a solution that is hypertonic at the end of 60 minutes? A)A and B B)B C)C D)D E)D and E

77)Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? A)ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. B)Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals. C)Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it. D)Respiration is the reversal of the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis. E)Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic.

78)Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in A)chloroplasts. B)vacuoles. C)mitochondria. D)nuclei. E)lysosomes.

Which H+ion has just passed through the inner mitochondrial membrane by diffusion? A)hydrogen ion A B)hydrogen ion B C)hydrogen ion C D)hydrogen ion D E)hydrogen ion E

80)In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of A)ATP, CO 2 , and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). B)ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA. C)ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen. D)ATP, CO 2 , and lactate. E)ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.

81)Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during A)respiration. B)both photosynthesis and respiration. C)neither photosynthesis nor respiration. D)photosynthesis. E)photorespiration.

89)Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? A)stroma of the chloroplast B)outer membrane of the chloroplast C)electron transport chain D)thylakoid membranes E)thylakoid space

90)Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? A)vacuole B)Golgi apparatus C)lysosome D)peroxisome E)mitochondrion

91)Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ions into which location? A)mitochondrial outer membrane B)cytosol C)mitochondrial matrix D)mitochondrial intermembrane space E)mitochondrial inner membrane

92)CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they A)fix CO 2 into organic acids during the night. B)fix CO 2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells. C)use photosystems I and II at night. D)use the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which outcompetes rubisco for CO 2. E)fix CO 2 into sugars in the bundle-sheath cells.

93)You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body? A)It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. B)It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. C)It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body. D)Chemical energy was converted to heat and then released. E)It was released as CO 2 and H 2 O.

94)When muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by A)increase in ethanol. B)increase in potassium ions. C)buildup of pyruvate. D)increase in sodium ions. E)buildup of lactic acid.

95)Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? A)proteins and cellulose B)phospholipids and cellulose C)nucleic acids and proteins D)phospholipids and proteins E)glycoproteins and cholesterol

96)The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals A)enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids. B)makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders. C)enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids. D)makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell. E)enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.

97)Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? A)It relies on chemiosmosis which is a metabolic mechanism present only in the first cells-prokaryotic cells. B)It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. C)It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells. D)It is found in the cytoplasm, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms. E)It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation.

98)Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells? A)facilitated diffusion B)phagocytosis C)exocytosis D)active transport pumps E)simple diffusion

99)Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? A)lysosomes B)tight junctions C)rough ER D)plasmodesmata E)Golgi vesicles

100)Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? A)Golgi apparatus B)lysosome C)peroxisome D)vacuole E)mitochondrion