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Cells and Tissues - Human Physiology - Lecture Notes, Study notes of Human Physiology

All India Institute of Medical SciencesHuman Physiology

Cells and Tissues, Cell Structure, Plasma Membrane, Cell Membrane, Fluid Mosaic Model, Carbohydrate Groups, Functions of Membrane Proteins, Transport Proteins, Endoplasmic Reticulum are some points from this lecture. Human Physiology lecture handout. Its a very detailed and comprehensive lecture notes.

Typology: Study notes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/23/2012

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Cells & Tissues
A. Cell Structure
plasma membrane (cell membrane)
nucleus
cytoplasm = cytosol (ICF) + organelles
1. Plasma Membrane
Structure - Fluid mosaic model
a. lipid bilayer
phospholipids
cholesterol
b. membrane proteins
c. carbohydrate groups
Functions of the PM:
•boundary between ICF and ECF
•selective permeability and transport
•cellular communication
•structural support
Functions of membrane proteins: Example:
- transport proteins: channels, carriers, pumps Na+/K+ ATPase
- receptors acetylcholine receptor
- enzymes adenylyl cyclase
- structural proteins integrin
2. Nucleus
nuclear envelope
chromatin / chromosomes
nucleolus
3. Organelles
membrane-bound non membrane-bound
endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER & smooth ER) ribosomes
Golgi complex centrioles
mitochondria cytoskeleton
lysosomes & peroxisomes
B. Cell Junctions
a. Tight junctions
b. Anchoring junctions (e.g., desmosomes)
c. Gap junctions
C. Tissues
4 basic tissue types: Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscular tissue
1. Epithelial Tissues
- continuous sheets of cells, found on external and internal surfaces of organs
- boundary between external environment and internal environment (ECF)
a. covering / lining epithelia
b. glandular (secretory) epithelia - exocrine and endocrine glands
Characteristics of epithelia:
closely joined cells
apical/basal differentiation
apical surface (free surface) faces external environment or lumen
basal (basolateral) surface attaches to basement membrane, faces ECF
regenerative (via mitosis)
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Cells & Tissues

A. Cell Structure plasma membrane (cell membrane) nucleus cytoplasm = cytosol (ICF) + organelles

  1. Plasma Membrane Structure - Fluid mosaic model a. lipid bilayer phospholipids cholesterol b. membrane proteins c. carbohydrate groups Functions of the PM:

• boundary between ICF and ECF

• selective permeability and transport

• cellular communication

• structural support

Functions of membrane proteins: Example:

  • transport proteins: channels, carriers, pumps Na+/K+^ ATPase
  • receptors acetylcholine receptor
  • enzymes adenylyl cyclase
  • structural proteins integrin
  1. Nucleus nuclear envelope chromatin / chromosomes nucleolus
  2. Organelles membrane-bound non membrane-bound endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER & smooth ER) ribosomes Golgi complex centrioles mitochondria cytoskeleton lysosomes & peroxisomes

B. Cell Junctions a. Tight junctions b. Anchoring junctions (e.g., desmosomes) c. Gap junctions

C. Tissues 4 basic tissue types: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscular tissue

  1. Epithelial Tissues
    • continuous sheets of cells, found on external and internal surfaces of organs
    • boundary between external environment and internal environment (ECF) a. covering / lining epithelia b. glandular (secretory) epithelia - exocrine and endocrine glands Characteristics of epithelia: closely joined cells apical/basal differentiation apical surface (free surface) faces external environment or lumen basal (basolateral) surface attaches to basement membrane, faces ECF regenerative (via mitosis)

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Structural classification of epithelial tissue: a. Number of cell layers simple - one layer stratified - 2 or more layers pseudostratified b. Cell shape squamous cuboidal columnar Functional types Structural types Examples exchange simple squamous ET alveoli of lungs, endothelium transporting sim. cuboidal & sim. columnar ET small intestine, renal tubules ciliated pseudostratified & sim. ciliated columnar ET trachea, uterine tube protective stratified squamous ET; transitional ET skin, esophagus; bladder secretory glandular ET exocrine and endocrine glands

  1. Connective Tissues
    • major supporting tissues of the body
    • most abundant and diverse tissue type Characteristics of connective tissue: cells scattered in extracellular matrix vascular (most types) diversity of subtypes Components of connective tissue: a. cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, defense cells, tissue-specific types) b. extracellular matrix = ground substance
  • protein fibers (collagen, elastic, etc.) Types of connective tissue: Loose connective tissues - areolar CT, adipose T, reticular CT Dense connective tissues - dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic CT Blood and lymph Cartilage (3 types) Bone tissue
  1. Nervous Tissue a. neurons - functional cells of the nervous system - excitable cells - produce electrical signals (action potentials) Functions: communication , control and integration b. glial cells (neuroglia) - supporting cells
  2. Muscular Tissue

3 Types of muscular tissue: a. skeletal muscle - striated, voluntary b. cardiac muscle - striated, involuntary c. smooth muscle - non-striated, involuntary Properties of muscular tissue: contractile - produce force (tension) and movement excitable elastic

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