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An introduction to organic chemistry, focusing on carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, alkanes, and cycloalkanes. It covers topics such as the historical context of organic chemistry, the properties and nomenclature of alkanes, constitutional isomerism, and the three-dimensional shapes of molecules. Key concepts include homologous structures, alkyl groups, and conformational isomerism, with detailed explanations of steric strain and bond rotation in ethane, propane, and butane. The document also explores the structures and energies of cyclic alkanes, including cyclopropane, cyclobutane, and cyclohexane, emphasizing the importance of understanding molecular shapes for chemical and physical properties. It is a useful resource for students studying organic chemistry, offering clear explanations and examples to aid comprehension. The document also covers stereoisomerism in cycloalkanes and chair conformation in cyclohexane.
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Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry is the study of the carbon-based compounds
The misleading name “organic chemistry” comes from the days when chemical
compounds were divided into two classes, inorganic compounds and organic
compounds.
This classification depended on where
the compounds had come from.
Inorganic compounds were obtained from minerals
Organic compounds were obtained from living
organisms (vegetable or animal sources)
Until about the 18 th century, many chemists believed that the origin of organic
compounds is living organisms, and consequently could never be synthesized from
inorganic material (Vital Force Theory)
Theory of Vitalism
What happened in 1828?
Friedrich Wöhler synthesized Urea (found in biological fluids, like Urine) from
inorganic compounds
After Wöhler’s discovery, scientists were able to synthesize many organic compounds in the laboratory
Hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is a compound composed of only carbon and hydrogen
CH4, C 6 H 6
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons : They contain only carbon-carbon single bonds. _Saturated_ means that each carbon has the maximum number of hydrogens
We often refer to alkanes as aliphatic hydrocarbons The properties of some of the are similar with molecules we find in animal fats and plant oils In Greek: aleiphar = fat or oil
The simplest one, methane (CH 4 ), is also the most abundant. Large amounts are
present in our atmosphere, in the ground, and in the oceans. Methane has been
found on Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto…..
Ethane (C 2 H 6 : CH 3 CH 3 ) and propane (C 3 H 8 : CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 ) are second and third members of alkane family.
Natural gas contains almost: 10% Ethane, 5% Propane and 75% Methane
It is generally true that as the number of carbon atoms increases, so does the boiling point.
Alkanes with four carbons or fewer are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.
C1 to C4 Gas
C5-C15 Liquide
>C15 Solid
Each carbon atom in ethane is also tetrahedral, and all bond angles are approximately 109.5.
C-C bond
functional groups present
C-C bond
functional groups present
C-C bond
functional groups present
Homologous structures
In organic chemistry, homologous series are groups of molecules that only differ in the number of methylene (CH2) groups.
