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1. 1)What is the role of the central nervous system?
2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system?: 1) To provide overall control of body function
- Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous Sys- tem
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What are the cells of the nervous system called?
2) What are they responsible for?
3) What is action potential? What happens during this?
4) How is this related to a synapse?
5) What is a synapse?: 1) Neurons
2) Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and fr part to another
3) The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the impulse travels along
the neuron at a constant rate.
4) When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can pass to another neuron across a synapse.
5) A junction between two neurons.
3. DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION:
1) Explain depolarization.
2) What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane?
3) What is the wave of polarization?
4) Explain repolarization.
5) How does this relate to local anesthetics?: 1) The outside of a nerve mem- brane is positively
charged. When those charges move into the membrane, the outside is left negatively charged.
2) Na+ ions
3) The movement of changing charges during depolarization.
4) After the nerve impulse passes through the nerve, the nerve fibers become repolarized, or
positively charged, again.
5) Local anesthetics interfere with Na+ ions traveling through the ion channels, preventing
depolarization and slowing or stopping the nerve impulses.
4. SYNAPSES:
1) What is a terminal button?
2) What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic?
3) What is a synaptic cleft?
4) What substance is this product dependent on?
5) What action does this substance have?: 1) The bulge at the end of the nerve, that touches the next
nerve.
d cerebral
eling of sensa-
he brains core
2) The nerve before and after the synapse that is active.
3) The gap between two nerves, which a nerve impulse must 'jump across' to communicate with
the next nerve.
4) Neurotransmitters
5) They enable transmission of the depolarization wave from one nerve onto the receptor sites of the
next.
5. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What is the central nervous system, and what does it consist of?
2) What are the parts of the CNS? (4 parts): 1) It is the overall control center of the body, consists of
the brain and the spinal cord.
- Cerebral Cortex, Core of the Brain, Cerebellum, and the Brainstem.
6. CEREBRAL CORTEX:
1) How many parts does it have?
2) What are its main responsibilities? (6 things): 1) 2 parts- paire hemispheres.
- Essential functions- thought, learning, memory, consciousness, fe tion (such as pain or heat), and initiation of muscle movement.
7. CORE OF THE BRAIN:
1) What is its main purpose?
2) What does one of the core's components do?
3) What can other important structures in the core do?: 1) Impulses pass through the core on
their way to or from the cerebral cortex.
2) It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex.
3) They play important roles in the body's autonomic (automatic) functions, and emotions.
8. CEREBELLUM:
1) What is the purpose?: 1) It is the coordinating center for both sensory receptors (vision, hearing) and
coordination of movement.
9. BRAINSTEM:
1) Where is this located?
2) What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
3) What important control centers does it contain?
4) What else does it contain, and what does this do?: 1) Between t and the spinal cord
(inferiorly).
2) midbrains, pons, medulla oblongata.
3) Autonomic (automatic) nervous system.
4) Reticular formation, responsible for consciousness or arousal.
14. CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Maxilla
1) If teeth are not infiltrated individually, what types of blocks can be used?
2) What do each of these nerves supply?: 1) Posterior superior alveolar, greater palatine, and
nasopalatine.
- Posterior Superior Alveolar- posterior portion of the maxilla. Greater Palatine- posterior palate. Nasopalatine- anterior palate.
15. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What does this regulate? What is this regulation called?
2) What has this system also been called?
3) What are the two subdivisions of this system?: 1) It adjusts functions of the organs to keep the body
in a constant state, such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, body temperature, water balance, etc. This is called homeostasis.
2) Involuntary or automatic nervous system.
3) Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
16. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System:
1) What does this system do?
2) What important thing does this system maintain? How does it do this?
3) What chemical does this system use to cause action? What is this a close relative of?
4) What are the effects of this system sometimes called?: 1) It prepared the body for intense physical
activity in response to stress.
2) The blood pressure. The sympathetic system in the medulla maintains vasocon- strictor tone, which
controls blood vessel diameter.
3) Norepinephrine, closely related to epinephrine or adrenaline.
4) Adrenergic. (adrenaline!)
17. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, Sympathetic Nervous System:
1) What are the two subgroups of this system?
2) What are the two sections of the second subgroup?: 1) Alpha (vasoconstric- tion of arteries and veins)
and Beta (big organs)
- #1- Heart, increases heart rate and strength of contractions. #2 Lung, causes bronchodilation.
18. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1) What does this system do?
2) What chemical does this system use? What are the actions of this system called?
3) What drugs do we use that counteracts this?
4) How does this system regulate blood press and heart rate?
5) What are these receptors called?: 1) Creates a vegetative state, such as slowing the heart,
increased salivary secretion, and increased digestion.
2) Acetylcholine. Cholinergic.
3) Glycopyrrolate or atropine.
4) Receptors in the walls of the aorta, carotid artery, and ventricles of the heart response to changes in
pressure and adjust the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to regulate these.
5) Baroreceptors.
19. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
1) What do the anesthetic drugs utilized in OMS affect?
2) What do barbiturates and propofol do, and what does this result in?
3) What does ketamine do, and what does this affect?
4) What can anticholinergic drugs do, and how does it do this? What are some anticholinergic drugs?: 1)
They affect the vital centers in the medulla and the pons that are associated with the autonomic nervous center.
2) They depress the vital centers, resulting in hypotension and respiratory depres- sion.
3) This stimulates the vital centers and causes an increase in blood press and pulse.
4) They can reduce secretion of saliva, by counteracting parasympathetic stimula- tion. Atropine or
glycopyrrolate.
20. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
1) Why is epinephrine put into local anesthetics?
2) How are autonomic drugs, such as epinephrine, useful in medical or anes- thetic emergencies?
3) How is epinephrine used?
4) How is ephedrine used? How are adrenergic drugs, such as labetalol used?
5) How are adrenergic drugs such as albuterol used?: 1) It causes vasoconstric- tion, which decreases 'wash-
out' of the anesthetic from the area, and helps control bleeding.
2) They can emulate or interfere with normal autonomic functions to help manage the emergency.
3) It is used in cardiac arrest to reestablish electrical conductivity in the heart by stimulating the
adrenergic receptors.
4) It is used in the management of hypotension. Used in the management of hypertension.
5) To treat asthma and severe allergic attacks.
21. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM- OMS Perspective:
1) How is atropine used in bradycardia?
2) What are the roles of the cholinergic receptors in the heart, which normally receive acetylcholine?
3) How does atropine affect this?
ery to the
ins to the left
Sinus.
3) Pulmonary vein, which comes directly from the lungs.
4) The first step.
26. VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) What is the second step in blood circulation?
2) What valve does this pass through?
3) How much pressure does this require?: 1) After the right atrium fills with blood, it contracts and forces
blood into the right ventricle.
2) Tricuspid valve.
3) It is the lowest in the heart, has very little resistance.
27. VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) What is the third step in blood circulation?
2) What is unique about the pulmonary artery?: 1) The right ventricle contracts, causing the tricuspid
valve to close, and forces the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, which goes to the lungs.
- It is the only artery that carries oxygen-depleted blood.
28. VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) What is the fourth step in blood circulation?
2) What part of the RBC is responsible for releasing the waste products, and picking up oxygen?
3) Where does blood go after it as become oxygen saturated?: 1) Blood arrives at the lungs to be re-
oxygenated.
2) Hemoglobin.
3) It returns to the left atrium through pulmonary veins.
29. VESSELS AND VALVES:
1) After the left atrium fills and contracts, where does it go next?
2) What are the final steps in blood circulation?: 1) It passes through the mitral valve into the left
ventricle.
- The left ventricle contracts,closing the mitral valve and forcing the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta. This blood goes to the body.
30. 1) Right atrium receives oxygen depleted blood from the body.
2) Right atrium contracts, blood flow through tricuspid valve into right ventri- cle.
3) Right ventricle contracts, blood flows through pulmonary art lungs.
4) Blood is re-oxygenated at lungs, travels through pulmonary ve atrium.
5) Left atrium contracts, blood flows through mitral valve into the left ventri- cle.
6) Left ventricle contracts, forces blood through aortic valve into aorta, then to the body.: What are the
steps of circulation?
31. CARDIAC ISSUES:
1) What is back flow from a malfunctioning valve called when heard with a stethoscope?
2) What 2 things can cause a heart murmur?
3) How do we test for these things?: 1) Heart murmur.
2) Valves can be damaged from a previous sickness, or from mitral valve prolapse, where the valve swings
back slightly during closure.
3) Echocardiogram.
32. CARDIAC ISSUES:
1) What are the numerous vessels that pierce the myocardium called? What do many heart problems
result from?
2) What is ischemia?
3) What is angina pectoris? How is it relieved?
4) What is a much more serious problem from poor coronary circulation?
5) What does infarction mean?: 1) Coronary arteries and veins. From faulty or reduced coronary
circulation.
2) When reduced oxygen supply damages heart cells, but does not cause necrosis.
3) Chest pain, this is what results from ischemia. Nitroglycerine relives this.
4) Myocardial infarction, aka heart attack.
5) The death of an area of tissue because of an interrupted blood supply.
33. ARTERIES AND VEINS:
1) What do arteries turn into as they leave the heart? What is their final destination?
2) How do these connect back to the heart?: 1) Arterioles, and then capillaries. They exchange oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and other waste from the cells of the body.
- Capillaries connect to venules, which are the smallest veins. These turn into small veins, then larger veins, and finally into the the Superior or Inferior Vena Cava.
34. ARTERIES AND VEINS:
1) What are the major differences between arteries and veins?
2) What does the layer of muscle do? Which happens during a sympathetic stimulation? What
happens after the stimulation disappears?
3) What is a lumen?
4) What is vasoconstriction and vasodilatation?: 1) Arteries have much thicker walls to handle press of
blood flow. They are more elastic an have a muscular layer around them.
2) It can expand and contract the artery. It contracts the arterial wall. The artery expands.
equal?
thmias?: 1)
2) What drug is released which causes this?: 1) The medulla had a cardiac control center, with a group of
neurons called cardioacceleratory center. They have sympathetic nervous system fibers which connect down the spine, and then to the SA node. When they are stimulated, they can cause an increase in heart contractions.
- Norepinephrine.
40. HEART CONDUCTION:
1) How can the parasympathetic nervous system slow down heart rate?
2) What drug is released which causes this?
3) What are rhythms that start from SA node impulse called?: 1) The cardioin- hibatory center in the
medulla stimulates the vagus nerve, which connects to the SA node. This slows the heart rate.
2) Acetylcholine.
3) Sinus rhythms.
41. CARDIAC MONITORING:
1) What is Normal Sinus Rhythm?
2) What is hypoxia? What does this produce on an EKG?
3) What is an EKG actually monitoring?: 1) A normal heart tracing on an EKG.
2) When the heart is experiencing a lack of oxygen. Dysrhythmias, or abnormal tracings.
3) The wave of depolarization and repolarization of the heart.
42. CARDIAC MONITORING:
1) What does the 'P' wave represent?
2) What is the QRS complex? What number per minute does this
3) What does the 'T' wave represent?
4) Where do we see reflections of myocardial irritability, or dysry
Depolarization, which produces the muscular contraction of the atria.
2) The activity produced by ventricular contractions. The heart rate.
3) Repolarization, which makes the ventricles ready to contract again.
4) In the QRS complex.
43. BLOOD VESSELS OF HEAD AND NECK:
1) List the path of blood after it leaves the brachiocephalic artery on the right side of the heart.
2) Where does blood go after leaving the brachiocephalic artery on the left side?
3) Why are the right and left common carotid arteries important?
4) Where 2 arteries do they separate into once they reach the mandible?: 1) The brachiocephalic artery
branches into the common carotid artery, which goes to the right side of the neck, and the right subclavian artery, which goes into the right
arm.
2) The left common carotid artery branches directly off the artery and goes into the neck.
3) They are the one of the best places to check a patient's pulse.
4) The internal carotid artery, which goes into the skull, and the external carotid artery, which divides
into 8 branches.
44. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY:
Where do these branches supply? Lingual Facial Maxillary Inferior Alveolar: *Lingual- tongue and floor of the mouth *Facial- behind the angle of the mandible to the first and second molars, and the external aspects of the face *Maxillary- internal aspects of the face, such as maxilla, sinuses, maxillary teeth and portions of the nose *Inferior Alveolar- the mandible and teeth, terminates at the mental artery.
45. SUPERFICIAL VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK:
1) What vein is the first step in bringing blood back to the heart from the face? What is this divided into?
2) What are the next steps?: 1) The facial vein. Three tributaries, which drain blood from the face, under
the nose, and the eyelids.
- The facial vein meets the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein. They enter the internal jugular vein.
46. DEEP VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK:
1) Where do the deep components of the venous system start, and what is it called?
2) What does this network surround?
3) Where does this drain into?: 1) Behind the maxilla, called the pterygoid plexus.
2) The maxillary artery.
3) It drains into the maxillary vein, which ears to the retromandibular vein.
