Cern Lab Presentation of Nuclear Physics, Slides of Astrophysics

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SEMINAR

REPORT

Submitted by Atsha 12-

Submitted to Mam Yusra Urooj

Department Physics

Course Code PHY-

CERN LAB

CERN is a European Organization for Nuclear

Research.

CERN is high-energy particle physics organization

headquartered in Geneva in Switzerland. This is

the world's largest particle physics laboratory.

The organization, founded in 1954.

The first CERN particle accelerator began

operating in 1957.

The latest is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

What is the world made of?

In the ancient time: 4 elements

19 ° century– atoms

Beginning 20 th century – electrons, protons, neutrons

Today – quarks and leptons

Is the Nucleus Fundamental?  Because it appeared small, solid, and dense, scientists originally thought that the nucleus was fundamental. Later, they discovered that it was made of protons (p

), which are positively charged, and neutrons (n), which have no charge.

Are protons and neutrons fundamental?  Because it appeared small, solid, and dense, scientists originally thought that the nucleus was fundamental. Later, they discovered that it was made of protons (p

), which are positively charged, and neutrons (n), which have no charge. (Except in the case of hydrogen -1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons ).

Particle physics Point like Point-like

…small, smaller…extremely small!…

< 1 hair A small stone

Sub-atomic dimensions

What is fundamental?  Physicists have found hundreds of new particles.  Today we know that most of them are not fundamental  A theory has been developed that seems to explain quite well what we do observe in nature: the theory is called Standard Model  This model includes 6 quarks, 6 leptons and 13 particles which carry the force in between quarks and leptons.

Fermions: the fundamental components Quarks Leptons 2/

- 1/ 0 - 1 st^ generation 2 nd^ generation Elementary particles: fermions 3 rd^ generation _2/

• 1/ 0 -_ Why 3 families? Are there more? Massa (MeV) (^) Charge (e)