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Certified Forester Exam Questions with Accurate
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Wildlife is correct answer an important aspect of forest management because many animals use them for food, shelter and breeding grounds. Conservation of Forests... correct answer Is not the primary use for forests but is an important use Recuperation of Forests correct answer Avoiding soil erosion and letting forests recover after harvest are key to having a healthy forest Forest lands in the US correct answer · Total forest land is 737 million acres · Commercial land (crops and timber) 483 million acres · Noncommercial (low productivity of timber) 254 million acres Statistical description of commercial forestland inventories correct answer · Timber volume measurement - timber that is (growing stock) that has a DBH of 5 in or more · Not considered good business to use trees that are less that are 5 in in diameter even thought they can be used for pup, fuel, and other timber material · 2/3 of growing stock is softwood and 1/3 is hardwood · 70% of the 710 cubic feet of growing stock is saw timber size trees which means that they have A at least one log which is suitable to make lumber Growth/Harvest ratio` correct answer measurement of timber growth as related to harvest · Most of the growth is on private lands · Shows that there is no crisis from the loss of timber
Site Quality (Productivity) correct answer The productive capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume production of a given species. Stand density correct answer A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume. site index correct answer The maximum timber able to be produced by an area in a given time, or, its productivity Density Measures correct answer · TPA (Trees per acre)-a density measure which can be used when trees are of the same age and type · Volume- a percentage of stocking · Relative density- a combination of basal area and quadratic mean diameter · Basal area- cross section measurement of square feet per acre · Stand density index- measurement of density presented as indices and ratios ex Reineke's index · Relative stand density- index that includes the volume of tree growth's relationship to height · Crown competition factor- measure of density based on the diameter of the area that is covered by tree crowns in percentage Vegetation typing correct answer a way of estimating the quality of a site by looking at what plants are present Habitat typing correct answer land types that have all the same environmental conditions
Density free models correct answer provide the basis for traditional normal yield tables since "normal" implies nature's maximum density, and empirical yield tables assume nature's average density Diameter class models correct answer simulate growth and volume for each diameter class based on the average tree in each class. The number of trees in each class is empirically determined. The diameter class volumes are computed separately for each diameter class, then summed up to obtain stand values. Individual tree models correct answer simulate the growth of each individual tree in the tree list. These models are more complex but have become more common as computing power has increased. Individual tree models typically simulate the height, diameter, and survival of each tree while calculating its growth. Individual tree data are aggregated after the model grows each tree, while stand models aggregate individual tree data into stand variables before the growth model is applied. Additionally, this type of model allows the user to include a measure of competition for each tree. Because of this, individual tree models are typically divided into two groups based on how competition is treated. Distant independent models correct answer each tree is modeled individually. The diameter, height, and general condition are compared to all other trees in the stand to determine its ability to compete. Measurements of the stand are averages of heights, diameter, and site conditions Distant dependent models correct answer measurements of diameter, height, and general condition, but including the location of the tree on a map to show the proximity to other trees. Useful for showing how trees are competing for moisture, light and nutrients. More expensive but valuable information Saleability standards correct answer used to measure the volume and other elements that define the growth of stands. · Can cause problems with difference in timber used to determine criteria · Agreement of importance will be needed to be made before G&Y model to be made o In-growth- the amount of growth that has taken lace among new trees during a specified time o Mortality- the amount of trees which have died during this specified time
o Cut- the amount of trees that have been harvested during this specified time Ingrowth correct answer Trees that during a specified period have grown past an arbitrary lower limit of (usually) diameter or height. Gross Increment including growth correct answer used to determine total biomass measurement =V2+M + C -V Gross Increment including ingrowth correct answer determines the reduction in mortality as well as amount of thinning =V2 + M + C - I - V Gross Increment of initial volume correct answer determines the reduction in mortality as well as amount of thinning =V2 + M + C - I - V Net increment including ingrowth correct answer determines how much wood is produced =V2 + C - V Net increment of initial volume correct answer determine volume prior to cutting =V2 + C - I - V Net change in growing Stock correct answer determines the forest resource condition =V2 - V
Non-timber forest outputs correct answer Forage, recreation, and minerals No appraisal can be based on visual quality Area volume check correct answer Useful for even-aged stands · Land needs to be classified by age class · A growth projection of each age class · Stands need to be prioritized as to time of harvest · Rotation for future stands should be established Trial harvest needed stand does not last harvest is lowered and process is repeated Binary search correct answer using a set of data related to forest inventory plus growth models to determine the maximum even flow of volume or value that can be managed in set planning interval · One decision variable is present for a period of harvest · Weather the harvest will be increased or decreased Scales of measurement correct answer Nominal scale- uses a numbers as a way of identification; number assigned to a particular species Ordinal scale- puts items into ranks; tree crown class 1=dominant 2=codominant 3=intermediate class Interval scale- beginning mark is chosen arbitrarily and then each mark is chosen at a certain interval Ratio scale- measure that uses points that are placed at equal intervals Systematic sampling correct answer sampling every nth number, distance, or sampling unit. Begins with spacing plots evenly through a parcel of land the grid layouts which are square or rectangular can be used to measure variance or standard error. · Not good for systematic designs
· Best used to determine the estimated mean of forest conditions Stratified Random sampling correct answer population is divided into subpopulations of know size and then when a simple random sample of two units is taken from each subpopulation · Advantage of using subpopulaitons in stratified random samples is to increase the volume of timber · Accuracy o the population estimates is increased if the strata used have different averages but little difference in variance of total population. Subpopulations should be estimated separately o Make an estimate of a total populations mean. Taken from strata o Calculate the stratum means like the calculation of simple random samples o Combine stratum into mean which is weighted. All weights equal the strata sizes Cone bearing Forest Regions correct answer North woods- white, red and black spruce. Larch, balsm fir and arborvitae can be found there. Stretched form Maine to northern part of the Great Lakes towards the Yukon River Southern forest-Loblolly, longleaf, and southern yellow pine. Slash pine can also be found in some parts of Florida. Region stretches form Virginia across to Texas. Bald cypress can be found in swamps and estuaries in this region Mountain forest- Douglas fir, big but-tree sequoia, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, western larch, white fir and lodgepole pine can be found here. Region stretches from British Columbia to Mexico West Coast forest- Redwoods, Sitka spruce, Alaska cedar, Pacific yew, western hemlock, western red cedar and noble firs can be found here. Pacific coast form Alaska to Southern California Leaf parts correct answer · Upper epidermis- covers the top of the leaf. Allows to pass through to the cells that are underneath, and it is sealed with thin cuticles the allows for water evaporation and gas exchange · Palisade layer- layer of tubular cells below upper epidermis where the chloroplasts are located.
· Nearby trees that have rings can be sued to determine age of tree without rings Crown Classes correct answer Dominant- Crown grow above all other trees and receives full sunlight Codominant- Make up most of crown cover and receives most light from above Intermediate- crown are below the crown cover or row into the crown cover with very little light from above or sides Suppressed- crown are totally under crown cover and no direct sunlight from above or sides Density, Frequency, and plant cover correct answer Frequency= # plots species occurs/total # plots sampled Plant canopy cover= % of ground surface under parts of trees that are aerial Plant Basal Cover= % ground covered by bases of plants Total cover=% ground surface covered by rocks, mulch, and parts of the tree which are aerial Density= # plants per unit of area of ground Forest Inventory needed information correct answer · Purpose-why is the inventory being preformed · Background information-property past operations and land use · Constraints-thing that will hinder the inventory (financial and timing basis) · Inventoried area description-Size, location, terrain, accessibility and transportation factors
· Required information from inventory- Maps, tables and graphs and narrative report outline · Inventory design-how, where, and when the sample will be taken: determination of sample size and selection of a sampling technique · Measurement procedures-instruments used and instructions of how they were used · Calculation and complication procedures- data editing, formulas for means, totals, and standard error estimation as well as calculation method description · Results and reporting maintenance/storage records- storage and retrieval of data and plans for inventory updating Water runoff correct answer stream flow is determined by the weather and the amount of precipitation that an area receives. Watershed correct answer is an area of internal drainage whose shape and size are determined by surface topography. Watersheds are divided by ridges that either allow water to flow into or away from it. Water quality correct answer the measurement of discharge and stream flow. Weather, vegetation, and daily or annual runoff can affect stream flow. Related also to the amount of sediment and the overall turbidity of the water (how clear it is) high turbidity =cloudy water more sediment particles suspended. Aerial photographs correct answer · Not maps because there is tilting and distortions in the images · Photo distortion causes are airplane tilt, imperfect camera lenses and elevation differences. · Orthophotographs can be used for mapping because displacements have been removed Obtaining photos correct answer · Special aerial surveys (very expensive) · Commercial firms can provide pictorial displays · Private firms provide high quality photos · Federal government
Two major questions are... correct answer How much effort to put into keeping present forests for forest use? How much effort to put into restoring forests on land that is good for growing trees? Clearcutting correct answer Most economically friendly method of harvesting but is also controversial due to its destructiveness Forestry decisions correct answer Decision making rarely a result of the Forest Service's actions but rather the stat and federal agencies controlled by congressional committees. Several agencies have to approve the policy such as the president, Office of Management an Budget, and Department of Agriculture. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 correct answer Was the first of the modern environmental statutes. NEPA created environmental policies and goals for the country, and established the President's Council on Environmental Quality. Its most important feature is its requirement that federal agencies conduct thorough assessments of the environmental impacts of all major activities undertaken or funded by the federal government. Many states have enacted similar laws governing state activities. Clean Water Act of 1972 correct answer Establishes and maintains goals and standards for U.S. water quality and purity. It has been amended several times, most prominently in 1987 to increase controls on toxic pollutants, and in 1990, to more effectively address the hazard of oil spills. Endangered Species Act of 1973 correct answer A law requiring the federal government to protect all species listed as endangered. Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act correct answer U.S. legislation (1960) mandating that national forests be managed in a way that balances a variety of uses. wilderness areas correct answer federal land that is designated off-limits to development of any kind but is open to public recreation, such as hiking, nature study, and other activities that have minimal impact on the land
National Parks correct answer One form of reserve that is intended to protect natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use National Forests correct answer public lands set aside to grow trees, produce timber, protect watersheds, and ensure future timber supplies Clean Air Act correct answer Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants Transfer Act correct answer 1. It transferred administration of forest services from secretary of the interior to the secretary of agriculture.
- all reciepts from the forest reserves for 5 years must be put into a fund for protection, administration, improvement and extension of the reserves. Forest Reserve Act correct answer allowed president to set aside forest reserves from land in public domain Wilderness Act correct answer 1964; established 9.1 million aces of federally-protected wilderness in national forests for use of American people; made minimum size of each space 5,000 acres; no vehicles, permanent camps or structures allowed; aim is to keep wildlife and habitat as primitive as possible Timber Investment Management Organization (TIMO) correct answer is a management group that aids institutional investors in managing their timberland investment portfolios. A TIMO acts as a broker for institutional clients to find, analyze and acquire investment properties that would best suit their clients. Real Estate Investment Trusts (REIT) correct answer are companies that own or finance income- producing real estate across a range of property sectors. These real estate companies have to meet a number of requirements to qualify Who owns US forests? correct answer Individuals and corporations who are not also timber processors own about 60 percent of the US forests. Most o this land is owned for recreation, land speculation purposes, and because of sentimental reasons. National Forest Management Act correct answer mandated that every national forest draw up plans for renewable resource management
Prescription Development correct answer is a plan of what will be done for a stand or piece of forest the combine the use of land classification, measurements of growth, economic values,, silvicultural techniques, and decision management techniques · Land type classification · Management activity schedule · Quantitative growth and yield projection Intensive stand management correct answer production of timber based off of rapid regrowth of trees, protection from elements which cause damage, control of intrusive and competitive plants Uneven-aged stands and the cutting cycle correct answer some timber will be reserved and not cut in the stand. Timber will be set aside and will be reserved for a later time. Measurements can be taken at any time during the stand development but what cycle they were taken. Cut/Leave decision correct answer · Determine rate of return · Get the stumpage value · Project the stumpage value at later ages · Decide the financial maturity of the tree is (highest projected rate of value increase is less than guiding RoR) Hanzlik Formula correct answer MAI and PAI correct answer Ideal time period to harvest trees Tree Tallies correct answer Complete tally used for small tracts and trees that are high value. Advantages · Accuracy of total volume because every tree is tallied · Application of deductions for defects and cull deductions · Area does not have to be considered in a complete estimate
Fixed-Area sampling correct answer · Strip or plot of forest land (circular or square plots) · Frequency and probability are related in a proportionate manner · Individual trees are tallied according to DBH and height. Strip cruising correct answer Method of measurement used to determine the length and centerlines of a strip. One person establishes the centerline while the other cruises the timber. Advantages · Continuous sampling · Efficient use of time · Less borderline trees · Smaller risks to personnel Line plot system of cruising correct answer Method of tallying that involves plot arrangements in a square or rectangular pattern. Spacing is made up of compass line that are uniform. Plot size is fixed. A percent cruise basis inventory used for line plots. Plot size correct answer Plot size= AC/AC represented x 100 Ex: .2 AC/ 2 AC x 100= 10 percent Also possible to use plot size and space them out to meet a percent cruise. 10 percent estimate by 1/5 ac plots at a 2.5 x 8 chains, 2 x 10 chains etc. Edge Effect correct answer Trees along narrow plots should be thoroughly measures and if the plot does not fit in the boundary completely. Move plot centers or thoroughly measure trees for this area. Permanent sample plots correct answer · Plots must be representative of the forest being studies · Field plots must be treated the same as the portion of the forest that is not being sampled
Volume per acre = ∑(ni) (VFi)/np Sum of volume factors divided by number of points ni = number of tree in DBH class VFi = Volume factor np = number of points Point sampling in double-sampling design correct answer A quick method for determining basal area per acre is point sampling because only a tree count is required. When making a determination of volume per acre, "in" trees must be tallied by dbh and/or height class which causes the establishment of volume points to be expensive and time consuming. High correlation between volume per acre and basal area per acre. Limiting distance for Plot sampling correct answer 43560/ plot denominator= area for plot A=πr^ r=Sqrt(A/π)= limiting distance Compression wood correct answer is produced by increased cambial activity on the lower side of a leaning stem Tension Wood correct answer pulls the trunks or branch toward a vertical position Tree stress correct answer · Compression stress-force divide by the cross sectional area of the piece being stressed · Tensile stress-force increases a woods volume or dimension · Shear stress- forces that cause one part to move with respect to another parallel to the plane of contact
· Bending Stresses-Occur when pressure causes bending · Strength of material- resistance of the body to applied stress · Strain distortion resulting from applied stress · Modules of elasticity- ability to regain its original shape and size after stress has been removed Wood drying correct answer Checks-ruptures in the wood that follow the grain of the wood Warping- condition of wood that causes it to curve away from the true plane Casehardening- drying method that increases volume and decreases the shrinkage Cord correct answer 128 cubic feet of wood or 4x4x When NPV is Positive... correct answer RoR is higher than the interest rat you used to calculate NPV NPV > 0 means correct answer Project is expected to add value to the firm Will increase the wealth of the owners B/C > 1 correct answer Investment is acceptable ROR > i correct answer Investment is acceptable
