Ch 14. Acids and Bases
Chem 30A
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Acids and Bases: Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry Definitions, Types, and Reactions, Study notes of Stoichiometry
An in-depth exploration of acids and bases, covering the Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry definitions, different types of acids and bases, and various reactions such as neutralization, gas-forming, and redox reactions. It also includes examples of common acids and bases, strong and weak, and their ion-product constants.
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2021/2022
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Ch 14. Acids and Bases Chem 30A
Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases
Based on H
or OH
Produc9on in Water
- Acid: Substance that produces H
ions (protons) in
aqueous solu9ons
§ HCl (aq) à H
(aq) + Cl
- (aq) § HNO 3 (aq) à H
(aq) + NO 3
(aq)
- Base: Substance that produces OH
(hydroxide)
ions aqueous solu9ons
§ NaOH (aq) à Na
(aq) + OH
- (aq)
- Defn is limited– restricted to reac9ons in water
only
Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases
Based on Proton Transfer:
• Acids: Proton donors
HCl à H
+ Cl
• Bases: Proton acceptors
NH
3
+ H
à NH
4
Bronsted-Lowry Base
• A base must have a lone pair to accept a
proton.
• A base can be neutral or nega9vely charged.
Number of Acidic Protons on a Molecule
- An acid molecule can be monopro9c, dipro9c, or
tripro9c (based on number of acidic protons).
The Proton in Water
• A H
ion in water is not isolated! A H
ion in
water a>racts the nega9ve pole of water
molecule so strongly that it forms a covalent
bond to water.
HCl (aq) + H 2 O(l) à H 3
O
(aq) + Cl
- (aq) hydronium ion (hydrated proton) *Also wri>en as: HCl (aq) à H
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base Work Together
• An acid and base must always work together
to transfer a proton!
In aqueous solu9ons of acids or bases, water acts as the base or acid “partner”: § HCl + H 2 O à Cl
- H 3
O
(HCl à Cl
- H
- ) acid base § NH 3
- H
+ H
2 O à NH 4
- OH
- (NH 3 à NH 4 + + OH - ) base acid
List of Common Acids and Bases Strong Acids HCl hydrochloric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HI hydroiodic acid HNO 3 nitric acid H 2 SO 4 sulfuric acid HClO 4 perchloric acid Strong Bases: Metal Hydroxides of Group 1A ca9ons LiOH, NaOH, KOH, etc. and Heavier Group 2A ca9ons: Ca(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , Ba(OH) 2 Common Weak Acids HC 2 H 3 O 2 or CH 3 COOH ace9c acid H 2 CO 3 carbonic acid Common Weak Base NH 3 ammonia
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
• H
2
SO
4
and HSO
4
are a conjugate acid-base
pair.
• H
2
O and H
3
O
are a conjugate acid-base pair.
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
Reactions of Acids and Bases
Acid-Base Reaction: Neutralization