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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Problem Language has an important role and it is used to communicate with other people in the society‟s daily life, whether spoken or written, to convey message, information or to show their social relationship to each other. English is one of International languages. It is used by millions of people around the world to communicate with other people in different countries. In Indonesia, English is a foreign language which is thought by the teachers from elementary school until University. English is very important for people when they are going to other countries. Learning English means to learn the sentence. Quirk says that there are five elements of a sentence; they are subject, verb, object, complement, and adverb. Here abbreviated as S, V, O, C, A (Quirk, 1973:12). Let see the example bellow:
- They make him the chairman every year (Quirk, 1973:12).
- John carefully searched the room (Quirk, 1973:12).
In example (1) above ( they ) as the subject followed by the verb ( make ) and ( him ) is the ( object ) of the complement (the chairman ) and then ( every year ) is the adverbial.
In example (2) above ( John ) is the subject followed by the adverbial carefully and the verb is ( searched ). In this sentence the object is ( the room ). To complete the sentence above in order to be a good sentence, here are eight parts of speech are needed to form the sentence. They are noun, pronoun, adjectives, verbs, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. Eight parts of speech have furious functions and have influenced the meaning of sentence. Using them is not easy especially in using verb. A verb is a word that expresses action or condition and is essential to the meaning of a sentence (Murthy, 2003:81). Without verb, sentence can not give someone complete information and it is one of the important elements because all types of the sentence usually use verb and verb is the key to donate the action (when action verb) which done by the subject or state (when state verb) of the subject. There are different types of verb corresponding closely to the different types of object and complement; they are intensive and extensive verbs. Intensive verb is a verb which has a subjects complement but extensive verb is a verb which has not subject complement (Quirk, 1973:14). Extensive verbs are divided into intransitive and transitive verbs which intransitive verb is a verb which does not need an object while Transitive is a verb which needs an object (Cobuild, 1990:23) stresses that transitive verb is a verb use to talk about an action or event that involves more than one person and thing and so it is followed by an object. Transitive verbs are divided into monotransitive and ditransitive verbs which mono transitive verb is a verb which needs an object, the object is direct object
1.2 Scope of Discussion There are many kinds of verb in English and they can be classified based on their function: lexical verb, auxiliary verbs and the other semi auxiliary verb. Base on the types of object and complement, they are intensive and extensive verbs, therefore to limit the discussion I choose the verbs based on whether they themselves admit the aspectual contrast of progressive and non-progressive, which we refers to as verb categories as the topic of discussion that can be formulated as follows:
- What verb categories are found in novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory?
- What functions of verb reflecting it categories?
1.3 Aims It can not be denied that nothing can be done without aim. Aims are very essential in our daily action. They can affect upon the result of the things which we are going to do. Besides, they are also a means which can encourage us to do something, for instance to write a paper. In other word, the writing of this paper is also basically based upon aim. The aims which the writer has in writing this paper consist of three aims, among those: general aim, specific aim, and academic aim. Generally, this research is to train the writer‟s knowledge and ability in writing scientific paper. In writing this paper, I apply the theories that I have studied during my study at English Department, Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.
Specific aim of writing this paper is to give a more understanding about the verb and the kinds of verb examined in it. Another specific aim of writing this paper is to improve the understanding of the readers of this paper about the verb especially, for verb categories. Further, the academic aim of writing this paper is to fulfill the last academic requirement to get the S-1 degree from English Department. Faculty of Letters, Warmadewa University.
1.4 Theoretical Basis In this research, of course I will apply the ideas that exist in some literary books to get the validity of the discussion. The basic idea applied in this discussion is written by Quirk, et.al, 1973 in their book entitled A University Grammar of English. In this book, it is explained about stative and dynamic verbs and the types of them which dynamic verb is the verb occur in the progressive but with a change of meaning compared with simple aspect while stative verb is the verb disallow the progressive (Quirk, 46-47). Intensive verb is the verb which has subject complement and the complement refers to the subject. Extensive verbs are used to say what the subject is doing. They do not have a subject complement. Quirk states that extensive verb has not subject complement. It takes information away from the subject. And apply the verb, not to the subject (Quirk, 1973:14). Beside the book above the writer also uses other books which are related to the topic.
CHAPTER II
RELATED STUDY
Parts of speech are used to build a sentence, whether spoken or written. There are several parts of speech. They are noun, adjective, adverb and verb. Each of them will be explained below: According to Quirk, a noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, and adjective or an adverb (Quirk, 1973:59). Adjectives are attributive when they modify a noun; it can be the complement to the subject and can be object complement. It functions as object complement often expresses the result of the process denoted by the verb. And the adjective refers to the subject without explicit reference to the action and unless otherwise state (Quirk, 1973: 115). Adverb functions as adverbials, a constituent distinct from subject, verb, object and complement, and an adverb indicates manner, time, and place (Quirk, 1973:126). A verb is the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being (Quirk, 1973:193). According to Murthy a verb is a word that expresses action or condition and is essential to the meaning of a sentence (Murthy, 2003:81). Without verb, sentence can not give someone complete information and it is one of the important
elements because all types of the sentence usually use verb and verb is the key to denote the action (when action verb) which is done by the subject or state (when state verb) of the subject. Some of the points, which are going to discuss in this chapter and have close connection with the topic of the discussion, are the analysis of verb. Based on their function, verb can be divided into lexical and auxiliary verbs, and based on the complement needed by the verb; it can be divided into intensive and extensive verb. To have a clear explanation, it can be seen below:
2.1 Verbs Based on Their Function The verb based on their functions can be divided into: lexical and auxiliary verbs:
2.1.1 Lexical Verb Lexical verb is one the classification of verbs based on their functions used in a sentence. It is defined as the main verb in the sentence (Quirk, 1973:104). Let see the following examples:
- He closed the door (Collin, 1990:38).
- I put the plate on the table (Quirk, 1973:167).
All of the underlined words in the sentence above are verbs which function as main verbs in the sentence. As we can see in example (1) and (2) the word
In example (1) the verb ( was ) is used to form past tense and in example (2) the verb ( is ) is used to form present continuous.
2.2 Verb Based on Component Needed by the Verb I have already discussed the verb based on their function and types, and now I would like to discuss about the verb based on the complement needed by the verb, they are intensive and extensive verb. To have a clear explanation as possible as, let see the discussion below:
2.2.1 Intensive Verb Intensive verb is used to describe the subject. Intensive verb is the verb which has subject complement and the complement refers to the subject (Quirk, 1973:14). To support this statement, let see some examples:
- The girl is now a student at large university (Quirk, 1973:13).
- His brother grew happier gradually (Quirk, 1973:13).
In example (1) the main verb ( is ) is the intensive verb that is used to describe a subject ( the girl ). Here the verb ( is ) is followed by complement ( a student ). The complement refers to the subject ( the girl ). The rest element of this sentence now is adverbial of time and ( at large University ) is adverbial of place. In example (2) the verb ( grew ) is also intensive verb that is used to describe a subject ( his brother ) which is followed by the subject complement ( happier ) and ( gradually ) in this sentence is adverbial of manner.
2.2.2 Extensive Verb In the previous chapter, it has been explained intensive verb, now I would like to explain about extensive verb. Extensive verbs are used to say what the subject is doing. They do not have a subject complement. Quirk states that extensive verb has not subject complement. It takes information away from the subject. And apply the verb, not to the subject (Quirk, 1973:14). In order to have a clear description, let see the examples below:
- They elected him chairman (Quirk, 1973:16).
- She placed the baby on the woman‟s lap (Collin, 1990:144).
In the example (1), the verb ( elected) is use to say what subject ( they ) is doing and has not subject complement. The verb is followed by object ( O ) and object complement ( OC ), and the object complement is chairman. Since the sentence has object and object complement and has not subject complement, the verb of this sentence is called extensive verb. In example (2) the verb ( placed ) is used to say what subject ( she ) is doing and has not subject complement. The verb is followed by object ( O ) and adverbial. The object is the baby and the adverbial is ( on the woman’s lap ). Since the sentence has object and has not subject complement, the verb of this sentence is called extensive verb.
B. Transitive Verb Transitive verb is a verb which needs object. Cobuild stresses that transitive verb is used to talk about an action or event that involves more than one person and thing and so it is followed by an object (Cobuild, 1990:23). Let see some examples below:
- She‟s wasting her money (Cobuild, 1999:23).
- I ate dinner (Quirk, 1972:95).
In example (1), the verb ( wasting ) needs object ( O ) that is used to talk about the action of event of ( wasting ). In example (1) above the verb ( wasting ) involves one person ( she ) and thing ( her money ). Since a sentence has the object, the verb is transitive verb. The verb ( ate ) in example (2) above is also needs an object ( O ) that is used to talk about the action of ( ate ). In example (2) the verb ( ate ) involves the one person ( I ) and thing ( dinner ). Since a sentence has the object, the verb is transitive verb.
2.3 Verb Based on Whether They Are Admitting the Aspectual Contrast of Progressive and Non-Progressive As we know that there are many kind of verb, and they can be classified based on different criteria. The verb can be classified based on their function: lexical and auxiliary verbs. Based on the complement needed by the verb, it can be divided into intensive and extensive verbs. And another criterion is verb based
on whether they are admitting the aspectual of the progressive which refer to stative and dynamic verbs. In order to have a clear explanation, let see the discussion as follows:
2.3.1 Stative Verb Stative verb usually refer to a state or condition which is not an action or not changing and it cannot be used in the continuous or the progressive (ing) forms of the verb. According to Quirk, Stative verb are the verbs which disallow the progressive but it can be used dynamically, in the progressive, when the complement is dynamics compared with the aspect (Quirk, 1973:46). Stative verbs can be classified based on their characteristic and based their situation types. The verb based on characteristics and the situation types will be explained as follows:
A. Stative Verb Based on Their Characteristic From their characteristics stative verb can be divided into quality and state. The description of this quality and state can be seen as follows:
a. Quality A quality is relatively permanent and inalienable properties of the subject referent with the primary verbs be and have while state are introducing less permanent situation types. It usually defines as an attribute of property that
- Mary is tired (Quirk, 1985:200).
- Mary has a bad cold (Quirk, 1985:200).
In example (1) above, the primary verb ( is ) shows an attribute of property of Mary having peculiar and essential character of ( tired ) and it is less permanent situation. The primary verb ( is ) above indicates a non-dynamic which it does not signify any action. So, the primary verb ( is ) above is a state verb. In example (2) above, the primary verb ( has ) is also an attribute of property of ( Mary ) having peculiar and essential character of a bad cold and it is less permanent situation. The primary verb ( is ) above indicates a non-dynamic which it does not signify any action. So, in example (2) above, the primary verb ( is ) is a state verb. States gives information with no internal phrase or change is called stative verb while dynamic verb, they imply the action (Saeed, 1997:107). Compare the examples below:
- Robert love pizza (Saeed, 1992:107)
- Robert grew very quickly (Saeed, 1992:107) The verb ( loves ) in example (1) above is a verb giving information with no internal structure or change. So, in the sentence above the verb ( loves ) is a state verb or called stative verb. In example (2) the verb ( grew ) is the verb implies the action. So it is called dynamic verb.
As steady state, the verbs with no internal phrase or change, even the speakers use it in the past (Saeed, 1997:108). Let see the examples below:
- Ellen needs a dictionary (Routledge, 1986:201).
- Merry loved to drive a sports car (Saeed, 1992:109).
The verb ( needed ) and ( loved ) in example (1) and (2) above is the past verb. The verb ( needed and loves ) above are the verbs with no internal structure or change. So, the verbs ( needed ) and ( loves ) are called state verbs.
B. Stative Verb Base on Situation Type As has been mentioned that stative verbs are the verbs (either habitually or certain uses) will not admit the progressive. The verbs are like: (likes, think, know). But when they are compared with the aspect is to be comment on or particular of the action and it can be seen as dynamic sense based on the situation type because situation type helps to distinguish the meaning and also cover the context, in the progressive. When the verb marked with the progressive is an important thing that marks the aspect in the English language. In Quirk‟s perception stative verbs based on the situation can be classified into two groups: in the first groups are Private states and in the second groups is verb of perceptions (Quirk, 1985:200-201). To have a clear explanation, let see the discussion below:
In example (2) above the verb ( knows ) is related to intellectual or state of mind ( knowing ). So, the verb ( knows ) in the example (2) above is categorized as intellectual state or state of mind. The verb ( understanding ) in example (3) above is marked by the progressive. Since the verb marked with the progressive, the verb ( understanding ) shows a little duration in meaning. So, the verb ( understanding ) in example (3) above is seen as dynamic sense, compared with present aspect.
(ii) State of Emotion or Attitude States of emotions or attitude are considered of feelings. It is behaviors by people when confronted to certain social circumstances. But it can be seen as dynamically, when they are marked with the progressive (ing) form V-ing, it makes little difference in meaning from a state verb to activity or process. The verbs are indicated by the state of emotion or attitude, especially when followed by object complementation. Let see some examples below:
- She likes to entertain the student (Quirk, 1972:203).
- Jenny loves to ski (Saeed, 1997:108).
- She is liking to entertain the students (Quirk, 1972:203).
In example (1) above the verb ( likes ) is considered of feeling and the verb ( likes ) is behaviors by people when confronted to certain social circumstances. So, the verb ( likes ) in the sentence above is categorized as stated emotion or attitude.
In the example (2) above, the verb ( loves ) is also considered of feelings and the verb ( loves ) is behaviors by people when confronted to certain social circumstances. So, the verb ( loves ) in example (2) above is categorized as state emotion or attitude. The verb ( liking ) in example (3) above is marked by the progressive. Since the verb marked with the progressive, the verb ( liking ) above shows a little duration in meaning. So, the verb ( liking ) in example (3) above is seen as dynamic sense, compared with present aspect.
b. Verb of Perception Verbs of perception are related to the senses. The verbs are used in the present or the base form or the past. But it can be seen as dynamically, when they are marked with the progressive (ing) form V-ing, it makes little difference in meaning from a state verb to activity or process. Quirk says that in the verb of perception, stative meaning can be expressed in two ways: We can either place the perceiver in subject position or we can place the percept (or thing perceived) in the subject position and he says that to express stative verb of verb of perceptions, we can use the modal can/could are followed by the verb of perception (Quirk, 1985:203). Let see the examples below:
- I can see the house (Quirk, 1985:203).
- The house looks empty (Quirk, 1985:203).
- I am hearing a new record (Quirk, 1985:204).
