Computer
Computer
Architecture
Architecture
By Doreen Mango
By Doreen Mango
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Computer Architecture and Organization: A Comprehensive Study - Prof. Mango, Lecture notes of Computer Architecture and Organization
A detailed exploration of computer architecture and organization, offering insights into the design, structure, and function of computers. It covers topics such as computer organization, computer architecture, instruction sets, data representation, addressing techniques, memory technology, and parallel processing. The document also delves into the hierarchy of computer architecture, levels of integration, and generations of computers. It serves as a valuable resource for students and professionals seeking a deep understanding of computer systems.
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Computer
Computer
Architecture
Architecture
By Doreen Mango
By Doreen Mango
Useful information:
Useful information:
Textbook
Textbook
Computer Organization and
Computer Organization and
Architecture.
Architecture.
By
By
William Stallings.
William Stallings.
Other resources:
Other resources:
Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture
. A quantitative
. A quantitative
Approach. John L. Hennessy & David A.
Approach. John L. Hennessy & David A.
Patterson
Patterson
Structured Computer Organization
Structured Computer Organization
Fourth Edition, by A
Fourth Edition, by A
ndrew S. Tanenbaum
ndrew S. Tanenbaum
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/tanenbaum
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/tanenbaum
Topics
Topics
Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Organization and Architecture
Organization and Architecture
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Computer Architecture (1)
Computer Architecture (1)
Definition?
Definition?
“
“ The design of integrated system which provides a useful
The design of integrated system which provides a useful
tool to the programmer.” (Baer)
tool to the programmer.” (Baer)
“
“ The study of the structure, behaviour, and design of
The study of the structure, behaviour, and design of
computers.” (Hayes)
computers.” (Hayes)
“
“ The design of the system specification at a general or
The design of the system specification at a general or
subsystem level.” (Abd-Alla)
subsystem level.” (Abd-Alla)
“
“ The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to
The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to
work with.” (Foster)
work with.” (Foster)
“
“
The interface between the hardware and the lowest
The interface between the hardware and the lowest
level software.” (Hennessy and Patterson)
level software.” (Hennessy and Patterson)
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Organization refers to operational units and
Organization refers to operational units and
their interconnections that realize the
their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.
architectural specifications.
Attributes: hardware details transparent to
Attributes: hardware details transparent to
programmers
programmers
Control signals
Control signals
Computer/peripheral interface
Computer/peripheral interface
Memory technology
Memory technology
Architecture & Organization (1)
Architecture & Organization (1)
Architecture is
Architecture is
attributes visible to programmers
attributes visible to programmers
Organization is
Organization is
how features are
how features are
implemented
implemented
Example:
Example:
Architecture: multiply instruction?
Architecture: multiply instruction?
Organization: hardware multiply unit or done by
Organization: hardware multiply unit or done by
repeated addition? (how is it implemented?)
repeated addition? (how is it implemented?)
Example:
Example:
IBM/370 architecture
IBM/370 architecture
different models (organizations)
different models (organizations)
Some Definitions
Some Definitions
Computer architecture
Computer architecture deals with the functional behavior of
deals with the functional behavior of
a computer system as viewed by a programmer (like the
a computer system as viewed by a programmer (like the
size of a data type – 32 bits to an integer).
size of a data type – 32 bits to an integer).
Computer organization
Computer organization deals with structural relationships
deals with structural relationships
that are not visible to the programmer (like clock frequency
that are not visible to the programmer (like clock frequency
or the size of the physical memory).
or the size of the physical memory).
There is a concept of
There is a concept of levels
levels in computer architecture. The
in computer architecture. The
basic idea is that there are many levels at which a computer
basic idea is that there are many levels at which a computer
can be considered, from the highest level, where the user is
can be considered, from the highest level, where the user is
running programs, to the lowest level, consisting of
running programs, to the lowest level, consisting of
transistors and wires
transistors and wires
Computer Architecture v.
Computer Architecture v.
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Architecture - logical design of a computer,
Architecture - logical design of a computer,
allows you to write programs
allows you to write programs
Instruction set (what is the instruction set?)
Representation of data types (integers v. characters
v. floating point types)
v. floating point types)
Input/Output mechanisms (how does the computer
Input/Output mechanisms (how does the computer
communicate with the world?)
communicate with the world?)
Memory addressing techniques
Memory addressing techniques
Organization - physical design of a computer
Organization - physical design of a computer
How many registers?
How many registers?
What is a register?
What is a register?
How many registers does a typical CPU
How many registers does a typical CPU
have?
have?
Structure & Function (2)
Structure & Function (2)
Structure is the way in which components
Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
relate to each other
Function is the operation of individual
Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
components as part of the structure
Function
Function
Basic computer functions:
Basic computer functions:
Data processing
Data processing
Data storage
Data storage
Data movement
Data movement
Control
Control
The System Bus Model
The System Bus Model
A refinement of the von Neumann model, the system bus model has a
A refinement of the von Neumann model, the system bus model has a
CPU (ALU and control), memory, and an input/output unit.
CPU (ALU and control), memory, and an input/output unit.
Communication among components is handled by a shared pathway
Communication among components is handled by a shared pathway
called the
called the system bus
system bus , which is made up of the data bus, the address
, which is made up of the data bus, the address
bus, and the control bus. There is also a power bus, and some
bus, and the control bus. There is also a power bus, and some
architectures may also have a separate I/O bus. architectures may also have a separate I/O bus.
A Typical
A Typical
Computer
Computer
System
System
Scientific Prefixes
Scientific Prefixes
- For computer memory, 1K = 2
10
= 1024. For everything
else, like clock speeds, 1K = 1000, and likewise for 1M, 1G, etc.
Digital Components
Digital Components
Transistors
Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes
Replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller
Smaller
Cheaper
Cheaper
Less heat dissipation
Less heat dissipation
Solid State device
Solid State device
Made from Silicon (Sand)
Made from Silicon (Sand)
Invented 1947 at Bell LabsInvented 1947 at Bell Labs
William Shockley et al.William Shockley et al.
High level digital circuit designs are normally made using
High level digital circuit designs are normally made using
collections of logic gates referred to as components, rather
collections of logic gates referred to as components, rather
than using individual logic gates. The majority function can
than using individual logic gates. The majority function can
be viewed as a component.
be viewed as a component.