Partial preview of the text
Download Chapter 15 | BIOL 2004 - Genetics and more Quizzes Genetics in PDF only on Docsity!
the amino acids in proteins are joined
together by () to form ()
peptide bonds, polypeptide chains
TERM 2
a protein consists of one or more ()
chains
DEFINITION 2
polypeptide
TERM 3
the () structure of protein is its sequence of
amino acids
DEFINITION 3
primary
TERM 4
two common secondary structures found in
proteins are the () and the ()
DEFINITION 4
beta pleated sheet, alpha helix
TERM 5
the secondary and tertiary structures of a
protein are ultimately dertermined by the
DEFINITION 5
primary structure (amino acid sequence)
some proteins consists of two ore more
polypeptide chains that associate to produce
quaternary structure
TERM 7
the () determines how the nucleotide
sequence specifies the amino acid sequence
of a protein
DEFINITION 7
genetic code
TERM 8
refers to the fact that the genetic code
contains more information than is needed to
specify all 20 common amino acids
DEFINITION 8
degenerate genetic code
TERM 9
only () and () are encoded by a single
codon
DEFINITION 9
tryptophan and methionine
TERM 10
codons that specify the same amino acid are
said to be
DEFINITION 10
synonymous
the reading frame is set by
the
initiation codon
TERM 17
the initiation codon is usually
DEFINITION 17
AUG
TERM 18
the initiation codon is not just a sequence
that marks the beginning of translation, it
specifies
DEFINITION 18
an amino acid
TERM 19
codons UAA, UAG, UGA, do not encode amino
acids, they signal the end of the protein and
are called
DEFINITION 19
stop codons, termination codons, nonsense codons
TERM 20
the genetic code is almost but not
completely
DEFINITION 20
universal
the initiation codon AUG, in bacteria, code for
methionine
TERM 22
a ribosome attaches near the () end of an
mRNA strand and moves toward the () end,
translating the codons as it goes
DEFINITION 22
TERM 23
(translation) synthesis begins at the () end of
the protein and the protein is elongated by
the addition of new amino acids to the () end
DEFINITION 23
amino, carboxyl
TERM 24
protein synthesis can be conveniently divided
into four stages
DEFINITION 24
1. binding of amino acids to the tRNAs 2. initiation 3.
elongation 4. termination
TERM 25
the first stage of translation is the binding of
tRNA molecules to their appropriate amino
acids, called
DEFINITION 25
tRNA charging
components necessary for protein synthesis
1. mRNA 2. small and large subunits of the ribosome 3. a set
of three proteins called initiation factors 4. inititiator tRNA wit
N-formylmethionine atttached 5. guanosine triphosphate
TERM 32
first step of initation
DEFINITION 32
mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome
TERM 33
second step of initiation
DEFINITION 33
initiator binds to the mRNA through base pairing between the
codon and the anticodon
TERM 34
third step of initiation
DEFINITION 34
the large ribosome joins the initiation complex
TERM 35
when ribosomes are not actively translating,
two subunits are
DEFINITION 35
joined
(initiation steps) () binds to the small subunit
of the ribosome and prevents the large
subunit from binding during initiation
Initiation factor 3
TERM 37
the () consensus in mRNA is required for the
attachment of the small subunit of the
ribosome
DEFINITION 37
Shine-Dalgarno
TERM 38
when the large subunit has joined the
initiation complex, the complex is called the ()
DEFINITION 38
70S initiation complex
TERM 39
(eukaryotes) the identification of the start
codon is facilitated by the presence of a
consensus sequence called the ()
DEFINITION 39
Kozak sequence
TERM 40
eukaryotic initiation requires (less/more)
initiation factors
DEFINITION 40
more
third step of elongation
translocation; the movement of the ribosome down the
mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
TERM 47
translocation requires () and the hydrolysis of
() to ()
DEFINITION 47
elongation factor G, GDP GTP
TERM 48
the progress of each tRNA through the
ribosome in the course of elongation is as
follows
DEFINITION 48
cytoplasm, a site, p site, e site, cytoplasm
TERM 49
in elongation, the creation of peptide bonds
between amino acids is catalyzed by
DEFINITION 49
rRNA
TERM 50
what provides energy during elongation
DEFINITION 50
GDP
(termination) () bind to ribosome when stop
codon is reached and terminate translation
release factors 1 2 and 3
