Chapter 15
Solution Dynamics
An Introduction to Chemistry
by Mark Bishop
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Role of Probability and Particle Dispersion in Solubility and Solution Dynamics, Schemes and Mind Maps of Dynamics
The concept of solution dynamics, focusing on why changes happen between solid and gaseous states, such as carbon dioxide. It discusses the role of probability and particle dispersion in determining the shift from less probable, less dispersed arrangements to more probable, more dispersed states. The document also covers the solubility of substances and how it relates to hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps
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Chapter 15
Solution Dynamics
An Introduction to Chemistry
by Mark Bishop
Chapter
Map
Why Changes Happen
- Probability helps us to predict that the system will shift to state B if state B has its particles and energy more dispersed, leading to more ways to arrange the particles and energy in the system.
9 - Point
Universe
General
Statement
- Changes tend to take place to shift
from less probable, less dispersed
arrangements that have fewer
ways to arrange the particles to
more probable, more dispersed
states that have more ways to
arrange the particles.
Solids shift
spontaneously to gases.
- Why does dry ice, CO 2 (s) , spontaneously shift to CO 2 (g)? - Internal kinetic energy is associated with the random movement of particles in a system. - Internal kinetic energy makes it possible for CO 2 molecules to move back and forth between solid and gas. - If the particles can move freely back and forth between solid and gas, they are more likely to be found in the more dispersed gas state, which has more equivalent ways to arrange the particles.
Gases Expand to Fill Container
When the barrier between the two chambers in the container shown in (a) is raised, it is possible that the gas will end up in one chamber, like in (b), but it is much more likely that it will expand to fill the total volume available to it, like in (c).
Particles tend to
disperse (spread out).
Gas in one chamber ® Gas in both chambers Fewer ways to More ways to arrange particles arrange particles Less probable More probable Less dispersed More dispersed
Ethanol and Water Mixing
Attractions Broken and Made
“Like Dissolves
Like”
- Polar substances are expected to
dissolve in polar solvents.
- For example, ionic compounds, which are very polar, are often soluble in the polar solvent water.
- Nonpolar substances are expected to
dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
- For example, nonpolar molecular substances are expected to dissolve in hexane, a common nonpolar solvent.
“Like Does Not
Dissolve Unlike”
- Nonpolar substances are not
expected to dissolve to a significant
degree in polar solvents.
- For example, nonpolar molecular substances are expected to be insoluble in water.
- Polar substances are not expected to
dissolve to a significant degree in
nonpolar solvents.
- For example, ionic compounds are insoluble in hexane.
Water
Solubility
- We call polar molecules or polar sections of molecules hydrophilic.
- We call nonpolar molecules or nonpolar sections of molecules hydrophobic.
- If we are comparing the water solubility of two similar molecules, the one with the higher percentage of the molecule that is polar ( hydrophilic ) is expected to have higher water solubility.
- We predict that the molecule with the higher percentage of its structure that is nonpolar ( hydrophobic ) to be less soluble in water.