Download Immune System Disorders: A Comprehensive Study Guide and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Bio 15 Study Guide for Ch 19 Disorders in immunity
Key Terms. Be able to define and understand the significance of the following terms. Know the
full name for acronyms.
Immunopathology the study of disease states associated with over-activity or under-activity of
the immune response.
Atopic
Anaphylaxis
sensitizing dose
allergens
degranulate
prostaglandins
histamine A substance released by tissue cells that causes vasodilation,
capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction.
eczema
antihistamines
desensitization
hyposensitization
alleles
universal donor
Rh factor
Immunopathology allergy
HLA
anaphylactic
cytotoxic
immune complex
Cutaneous anaphylaxis
Systemic anaphylaxis caused by Systemic reaction to allergens, symptoms: Hives, itching,
swelling of tongue and throat, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, shock.
Autoimmunity
Histocompatibility antigens
pluripotent
1. Explain the difference between a hypersensitivity of the immune system and an
autoimmune disease.
2. What type of immunoglobulin’s are most often involved in hypersensitive reactions?
3. What type of macromolecule are the most effective allergens? Explain why.
4. What type of allergens are classified as inhalants? What do they all have in common?
Ingestants? Injectants? Contactants?
5. Explain the role of mast cells and IgE in a sensitizing dose of an allergen.
6. Explain what happens physiologically in a person that has been sensitized to an allergen
and they encounter the allergen for the second time. Then compare and contrast the
reactions that occur in the person between the first and second encounter of the
allergen. Be able to explain what accounts for the differences.
7. Compare and contrast physiologically what happens when someone is exposed to a
pathogen for the first time as opposed to someone that is exposed to an allergen for the
first time. Then compare the two upon secondary exposure.
8. Asthma is considered a respiratory disease. Be able to explain how exposure to an
allergen can result in long-term respiratory compromise.
9. Be able to explain what is happening physiologically in a patient that is experiencing
anaphylaxis. Why is systemic anaphylaxis considered a very serious situation in a
patient?
10.There are three basic treatments for the prevention of allergies, list them
a. Be able to explain in general how antihistamines work in the body
b. There are several theories on how vaccines for allergies work. Be able to explain the
role of IgG and IgE in allergy shots.
cells. Contact between the antigen and the appropriate T cell stimulates the T cell to proliferate and become sensitized. With subsequent exposure to the antigen, sensitized T cells release lymphokines, and a delayed hypersensitivity occurs. c. How might this person be desensitized to poison oak? Small repeated doses of the antigen are believed to cause the production of IgG (blocking) antibodies.
5. Why does an ANA (antinuclear antibody) test diagnose lupus? Lupus patients have antibodies directed at their own DNA. 6. Why do the majority of autoimmune diseases selectively affect women? What is the role of thymic selection? In autoimmune diseases, autoantibody-producing B cells activate via receptors encoded on X chromosomes that are more abundant in women. T cells distinguish self from nonself while passing through the thymus. Thymic selection eliminates the T cells that will target host cells, making it unlikely that the remaining T cells will attack their own tissue. 7. Summarize the causes of immunodeficiencies. What is the effect of an immunodeficiency? Natural Inherited Viral infections, most notably HIV Artificial Induced by immunosupression drugs Result: Increased susceptibility to various infections depending on the type of immune deficiency. 8. In what ways do tumor cells differ antigenically from normal cells? Explain how tumor cells may be destroyed by the immune system. Tumor cells have tumor-specific antigens. CTL cells may react with tumorspecific antigens, initiating lysis of the tumor cells. 9. If tumor cells can be destroyed by the immune system, how does cancer develop? What does immunotherapy involve? Some malignant cells can escape the immune system by antigen modulation or immunological enhancement. Immunotherapy might trigger immunological enhancement. The body’s defense against cancer is cellmediated and not humoral. Transfer of lymphocytes could cause graft-versus-host disease. 10. NAME IT In this neurological disease, T cells and macrophages attack the myelin sheath of nerves. Multiple sclerosis Multiple Choice 1. Desensitization to prevent an allergic response can be accomplished by injecting small, repeated doses of a. IgE antibodies. b. the antigen (allergen). c. histamine. d. IgG antibodies. e. antihistamine. 2. What does pluripotent mean? a. ability of a single cell to develop into an embryonic or adult
stem cell b. ability of a stem cell to develop into many different cell types c. a cell without MHC I and MHC II antigens d. ability of a single stem cell to heal different types of diseases e. ability of an adult cell to become a stem cell
3. In rheumatoid arthritis, IgM, IgG, and complement are deposited in the joints. This is an example of a. immune complex autoimmunity. b. cytotoxic autoimmunity. c. cell-mediated autoimmunity. d. immunosuppression. e. acquired immunodeficiency. 4. Which of the following is a possible outcome of an HIV infection? a. Virions may remain latent. b. There may be persistent yeast infections. c. Infection may initially be asymptomatic. d. The disease does not progress to AIDS. e. all of the above 5. Immunodeficiency can be a result of all of the following except a. HIV infection. b. cyclosporine. c. DiGeorge syndrome. d. Hodgkin’s disease. e. autoimmune diseases. 6. Which antibodies will be in the serum of a person with blood type B, Rh+? a. anti-A, anti-B, anti-Rh b. anti-A, anti-Rh c. anti-A d. anti-B, anti-Rh e. anti-B Use the following choices to match the type of hypersensitivity to the examples in questions 7 through 10. a. type I hypersensitivity b. type II hypersensitivity c. type III hypersensitivity d. type IV hypersensitivity e. all of the above 7. Localized anaphylaxis. type I hypersensitivity 8. Allergic contact dermatitis. type IV hypersensitivity 9. Due to immune complexes. type III hypersensitivity 10. Reaction to an incompatible blood transfusion. type II hypersensitivity
Analysis
1. When and how does our immune system discriminate between self and nonself antigens? 2. The first preparations used for artificially acquired passive immunity were antibodies in horse serum. A complication that
