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mitochondria (have/do not have) their own DNA which encodes some of the proteins and RNA molecules found in the organelles have TERM 2 advantages of studying mitochondrial DNA DEFINITION 2
- shorter than DNA molecule found in nuclei of eukaryotic cells making it easier to analyze 2. abundant because each cell typically has numerous mitochondria making it easier to isolate 3. evolve more rapidly that nuclear DNA 4. only inherited from one parent, usually the mother so are not reshuffled every generation TERM 3 mitochondria and chloroplasts are located in the DEFINITION 3 cytoplasm TERM 4 () are present in almost all eukaryotic cells whereas () are found in plants and some protists DEFINITION 4 mitochondria, chloroplasts TERM 5 mitochondria are () structures that are from () to () micrometer in diameter DEFINITION 5 tubular, 0.5-
chloroplasts are typically from about () to () in diameter 4- TERM 7 both are surrounded by two membranes enclosing region called () in mitochondria and () in chloroplasts DEFINITION 7 matrix, stoma TERM 8 chloroplasts have a third membrane called the () which is folded and stacked to form aggregates called () DEFINITION 8 thylakoid membrane, grana TERM 9 (chloroplasts) () bears the pigments and enzymes required for photophosphorylation DEFINITION 9 thylakoid membrane TERM 10 (some/no) plants exhibit biparental inheritance of mtDNA and cpDNA DEFINITION 10 some
when replicative segregation takes place in somatic cells, it may create () within a single organism phenotypic variation TERM 17 when replicative segregation takes place in the germ cells of a heteroplasmic cytoplasmic donor, the offspring may show DEFINITION 17 quite different phenotypes TERM 18 in diseases caused by mtDNA, the severity of the disease is frequently related to the DEFINITION 18 proportion of mutant mtDNA sequences inherited at birth TERM 19 () mutants were unable to carry out aerobic respiration; obtained all their energy from anaerobic metabolism DEFINITION 19 petite TERM 20 most petite mutation occur in () DEFINITION 20 mtDNA (some in nuclear DNA)
() mutants grow slowly, display cytoplasmic inheritance, and have abnormal amounts of cytochromes poky TERM 22 () are protein components of the electron transport chain of the mitochondria and play an integral role in the production of ATP DEFINITION 22 cytochromes TERM 23 poky mutants have cytochrome (a,b,c) DEFINITION 23 c TERM 24 poky mutants are defective in () and therefore grow more slowly DEFINITION 24 ATP synthesis TERM 25 a trait in plants that is produced by mutations in mitochondrial genes is DEFINITION 25 cytoplasmic male sterility (inhibit pollen development but do not affect female fertility)
in () mitochondrial genomes often exists as a complex collection of multiple circular DNA molecules plant TERM 32 the () content of mtDNA is often sufficiently different from that of nuclear DNA that mtDNA can be separated from nuclear DNA by DEFINITION 32 guanine-cytosine content; density gradient centrifugation TERM 33 the sizes of mitochondrial genomes range from DEFINITION 33 15,000 to 65, TERM 34 most species have only from () to () genes in mitochondria genomes DEFINITION 34 40 to 50 TERM 35 mitochondrial genes encode five basic functions DEFINITION 35 respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, translation, transcription, RNA processing , and the import of proteins into the cell
there (is/is no) correlation between genome size and number of genes is no TERM 37 () mitochondria, found in some plants in protists retain many characteristics of their eubacterial ancestors DEFINITION 37 ancestral TERM 38 () mitochondria genomes have characteristics that differ substantially from those found in typical eubacteria DEFINITION 38 derived TERM 39 true/false derived mitochondrial genomes are usually larger than ancestral genomes and contain more genes DEFINITION 39 false smaller; fewer TERM 40 (human mtDNA) the () strand has more guanine nucleotides DEFINITION 40 heavy
() have the largest and most complex mitochondrial genomes known angiosperms (flowering plants) TERM 47 true/false there are nonuniversal codons in mtDNA DEFINITION 47 true TERM 48 mitochondrial DNA is replicated by a special DNA polymerase called DEFINITION 48 DNA polymerase gamme (y) (helicases and topoisomerases are required for mitochondrial DNA replication TERM 49 in human mtDNA, eubacterial like operons are (absent/present) and there are (#) promoters within the D loop DEFINITION 49 absent, 2 ( one for each strand) TERM 50 in () there are multiple promoters DEFINITION 50 fungi, plants and protists
true/false most mtRNA molecules produced by transcription are capped at their 5' ends false TERM 52 in mitochondria, protein synthesis is initiated at () start codon by () DEFINITION 52 AUG; N-formylmethionine TERM 53 true/false initiation of translation in mitochondria should be different from that of both eubacterial and eukaryotic cells DEFINITION 53 true TERM 54 the sequences of () mtDNA exhibit an accelerated rate of evolution DEFINITION 54 vertebrate TERM 55 sequences of () mtDNA evolve slowly at a rate only one tenth that of the nuclear genome DEFINITION 55 plant
the four cells produced by a single meiotic division are termed a tetrad TERM 62 the genetic analysis of a tetrad is termed DEFINITION 62 tetrad analysis TERM 63 (yeast) (haploid/diploid) cells usually exist when yeast is starved for nutrients DEFINITION 63 haploid cells TERM 64 yeast cell natually possesses a circular plasmid named DEFINITION 64 2u TERM 65 () DNA is usually a single, double stranded DNA molecule that is circular, highly coiled, and lacks associated histone proteins DEFINITION 65 chloroplasts
cpDNA is now recognized to be () in its organization eubacterial TERM 67 key protein that is encoded by cpDNA is () which participates in the fixation of carbon in photosynthesis DEFINITION 67 RuBisCo TERM 68 () is considered the most abundant protein on earth DEFINITION 68 RuBisCo TERM 69 (RuBisCo) the large subunit is encoded by () the small subunit encoded by DEFINITION 69 cpDNA; nuclear DNA TERM 70 true/false the circular genome of cpDNA contains genes on only one of its strands DEFINITION 70 false
chloroplast mRNAs are/are not capped at the 5' ends and poly(A)tails are/are not added to the 3' ends are not x 2 TERM 77 many chloroplasts have a () sequence in the 5' untranslated region DEFINITION 77 Shine-Dalgarno TERM 78 true/false only universal codons have been found in cpDNA DEFINITION 78 true TERM 79 overall, cpDNA sequences evolve (faster/slower) than sequences in nuclear DNA and some mtDNA DEFINITION 79 slower TERM 80 evidence that some nuclear genes have moved into mitochondrial genomes. known as DEFINITION 80 promiscuous DNA
the symptoms of many human genetic diseases caused by defects in mtDNA first appear in () and increase in severity as ppl () middle age or late; age TERM 82 one hypothesis to explain the late onset and progressive worsening of mitochondrial diseases is related to the decline in DEFINITION 82 oxidative phosphorylation with aging TERM 83 () is the process that generates ATP, the primary carrier of energy in the cell DEFINITION 83 oxidative phosphorylation
