Guide Signs for Highways: Functions, Classification & Installation | Summaries Design

2009 Edition Page 181

CHAPTER 2E. GUIDE SIGNS—FREEWAYS AND EXPRESSWAYS

Section 2E.01 Scope of Freeway and Expressway Guide Sign Standards

Support:

01 The provisions of this Chapter provide a uniform and effective system of signing for high-volume, high-speed

motor vehicle traffic on freeways and expressways. The requirements and specifications for expressway signing

exceed those for conventional roads (see Chapter 2D), but are less than those for freeway signing. Since there are

many geometric design variables to be found in existing roads, a signing concept commensurate with prevailing

conditions is the primary consideration. Section 1A.13 includes definitions of freeway and expressway.

02 Guide signs for freeways and expressways are primarily identified by the name of the sign rather than by an

assigned sign designation. Guidelines for the design of guide signs for freeways and expressways are provided in

the “Standard Highway Signs and Markings” book (see Section 1A.11).

Standard:

03 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to any highway that meets the definition of freeway or

expressway facilities.

Section 2E.02 Freeway and Expressway Signing Principles

Support:

01 The development of a signing system for freeways and expressways is approached on the premise that the

signing is primarily for the benefit and direction of road users who are not familiar with the route or area. The

signing furnishes road users with clear instructions for orderly progress to their destinations. Sign installations

are an integral part of the facility and, as such, are best planned concurrently with the development of highway

location and geometric design. For optimal results, plans for signing are analyzed during the earliest stages of

preliminary design, and details are correlated as final design is developed. The excessive signing found on many

major highways usually is the result of using a multitude of signs that are too small and that are poorly designed

and placed to accomplish the intended purpose.

02 Freeway and expressway signing is to be considered and developed as a planned system of installations. An

engineering study is sometimes necessary for proper solution of the problems of many individual locations, but, in

addition, consideration of an entire route is necessary.

Guidance

03 Road users should be guided with consistent signing on the approaches to interchanges, when they drive from

one State to another, and when driving through rural or urban areas. Because geographical, geometric, and

operating factors regularly create significant differences between urban and rural conditions, the signing should

take these conditions into account.

04 Guide signs on freeways and expressways should serve distinct f unctions as follows:

A. Give directions to destinations, or to streets or highway routes, at intersections or interchanges;

B. Furnish advance notice of the approach to intersections or interchanges;

C. Direct road users into appropriate lanes in advance of diverging or merging movements;

D. Identify routes and directions on those routes;

E. Show distances to destinations;

F. Indicate access to general motorist services, rest, scenic, and recreational areas; and

G. Provide other information of value to the road user.

Section 2E.03 Guide Sign Classification

Support:

01 Freeway and expressway guide signs are classified and treated in the following categories:

A. Route signs and Trailblazer Assemblies (see Section 2E.27),

B. At-Grade Intersection signs (see Section 2E.29),

C. Interchange signs (see Sections 2E.30 through 2E.39),

D. Interchange Sequence signs (see Section 2E.40),

E. Community Interchanges Identification signs (see Section 2E.41),

F. NEXT XX EXITS signs (see Section 2E.42),

G. Weigh Station signing (see Section 2E.54),

H. Miscellaneous Information signs (see Section 2H.04)

I. Reference Location signs (see Section 2H.05),

J. General Service signs (see Chapter 2I),

K. Rest and Scenic Area signs (see Section 2I.05),

L. Tourist Information and Welcome Center signs (see Section 2I.08),

M. Radio Information signing (see Section 2I.09)

N. Carpool and Ridesharing signing (see Section 2I.11),

O. Specific Service signs (see Chapter 2J), and

P. Recreational and Cultural Interest Area signs (see Chapter 2M).

December 20 09 Sect. 2E.01 to 2E.03

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2009 Edition Page 181

CHAPTER 2E. GUIDE SIGNS—FREEWAYS AND EXPRESSWAYS

Section 2E.01 Scope of Freeway and Expressway Guide Sign Standards

Support:

01 The provisions of this Chapter provide a uniform and effective system of signing for high-volume, high-speed

motor vehicle traffic on freeways and expressways. The requirements and specifications for expressway signing

exceed those for conventional roads (see Chapter 2D), but are less than those for freeway signing. Since there are

many geometric design variables to be found in existing roads, a signing concept commensurate with prevailing

conditions is the primary consideration. Section 1A.13 includes definitions of freeway and expressway.

02 Guide signs for freeways and expressways are primarily identified by the name of the sign rather than by an

assigned sign designation. Guidelines for the design of guide signs for freeways and expressways are provided in

the “Standard Highway Signs and Markings” book (see Section 1A.11).

Standard:

03 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to any highway that meets the definition of freeway or

expressway facilities.

Section 2E.02 Freeway and Expressway Signing Principles

Support:

01 The development of a signing system for freeways and expressways is approached on the premise that the

signing is primarily for the benefit and direction of road users who are not familiar with the route or area. The

signing furnishes road users with clear instructions for orderly progress to their destinations. Sign installations

are an integral part of the facility and, as such, are best planned concurrently with the development of highway

location and geometric design. For optimal results, plans for signing are analyzed during the earliest stages of

preliminary design, and details are correlated as final design is developed. The excessive signing found on many

major highways usually is the result of using a multitude of signs that are too small and that are poorly designed

and placed to accomplish the intended purpose.

02 Freeway and expressway signing is to be considered and developed as a planned system of installations. An

engineering study is sometimes necessary for proper solution of the problems of many individual locations, but, in

addition, consideration of an entire route is necessary.

Guidance

03 Road users should be guided with consistent signing on the approaches to interchanges, when they drive from

one State to another, and when driving through rural or urban areas. Because geographical, geometric, and

operating factors regularly create significant differences between urban and rural conditions, the signing should

take these conditions into account.

04 Guide signs on freeways and expressways should serve distinct functions as follows:

A. Give directions to destinations, or to streets or highway routes, at intersections or interchanges;

B. Furnish advance notice of the approach to intersections or interchanges;

C. Direct road users into appropriate lanes in advance of diverging or merging movements;

D. Identify routes and directions on those routes;

E. Show distances to destinations;

F. Indicate access to general motorist services, rest, scenic, and recreational areas; and

G. Provide other information of value to the road user.

Section 2E.03 Guide Sign Classification

Support:

01 Freeway and expressway guide signs are classified and treated in the following categories:

A. Route signs and Trailblazer Assemblies (see Section 2E.27),

B. At-Grade Intersection signs (see Section 2E.29),

C. Interchange signs (see Sections 2E.30 through 2E.39),

D. Interchange Sequence signs (see Section 2E.40),

E. Community Interchanges Identification signs (see Section 2E.41),

F. NEXT XX EXITS signs (see Section 2E.42),

G. Weigh Station signing (see Section 2E.54),

H. Miscellaneous Information signs (see Section 2H.04)

I. Reference Location signs (see Section 2H.05),

J. General Service signs (see Chapter 2I),

K. Rest and Scenic Area signs (see Section 2I.05),

L. Tourist Information and Welcome Center signs (see Section 2I.08),

M. Radio Information signing (see Section 2I.09)

N. Carpool and Ridesharing signing (see Section 2I.11),

O. Specific Service signs (see Chapter 2J), and

P. Recreational and Cultural Interest Area signs (see Chapter 2M).

December 2009 Sect. 2E.01 to 2E.

Page 182 2009 Edition

Section 2E.04 General

Support:

01 Signs are designed so that they are legible to road users approaching them and readable in time to permit

proper responses. Desired design characteristics include: (a) long visibility distances, (b) large lettering, symbols,

and arrows, and (c) short legends for quick comprehension.

Standard:

02 Standard shapes and colors shall be used so that traffic signs can be promptly recognized by road users.

Section 2E.05 Color of Guide Signs

Standard:

01 Guide signs on freeways and expressways, except as otherwise provided in this Manual, shall have white

letters, symbols, arrows, and borders on a green background.

Support:

02 Color requirements for route signs and trailblazers, signs with blank-out or changeable messages, signs for

services, rest areas, park and recreational areas, and for certain miscellaneous signs are provided in the individual

Sections dealing with the particular sign or sign group.

Section 2E.06 Retroreflection or Illumination

Standard:

01 Letters, numerals, symbols, arrows, and borders of all guide signs shall be retroreflectorized. The

background of all guide signs that are not independently illuminated shall be retroreflective.

Support:

02 Where there is no serious interference from extraneous light sources, retroreflectorized post-mounted signs

usually provide adequate nighttime visibility.

03 On freeways and expressways where much driving at night is done with low-beam headlights, the amount of

headlight illumination incident to an overhead sign display is relatively small.

Guidance:

04 Overhead sign installations should be illuminated unless an engineering study shows that

retroreflectorization alone will perform effectively. The type of illumination chosen should provide effective and

reasonably uniform illumination of the sign face and message.

Section 2E.07 Characteristics of Urban Signing

Support:

01 Urban conditions are characterized not so much by city limits or other arbitrary boundaries, as by the

following features:

A. Mainline roadways with more than two lanes in each direction;

B. High traffic volumes on the through roadways;

C. High volumes of traffic entering and leaving interchanges;

D. Interchanges closely spaced;

E. Roadway and interchange lighting;

F. Three or more interchanges serving the major city;

G. A loop, circumferential, or spur serving a sizable portion of the urban population; and

H. Visual clutter from roadside development.

02 Operating conditions and road geometrics on urban freeways and expressways usually make special sign

treatments desirable, including:

A. Use of Interchange Sequence signs (see Section 2E.40);

B. Use of sign spreading to the maximum extent possible (see Section 2E.11);

C. Elimination of General or Specific Service signing (see Chapters 2I and 2J);

D. Reduction to a minimum of post-interchange signs (see Section 2E.38);

E. Display of advance signs at distances closer to the interchange, with appropriate adjustments in the legend

(see Section 2E.33);

F. Use of overhead signs on roadway structures and independent sign supports (see Section 2E.25);

G. Use of Overhead Arrow-per-Lane or Diagrammatic guide signs in advance of intersections and

interchanges (see Sections 2E.21 and 2E.22); and

H. Frequent use of street names as the principal message in guide signs.

Sect. 2E.04 to 2E.07 December 2009

Page 184 2009 Edition

Section 2E.12 Pull-Through Signs (E6-2, E6-2a)

Support:

01 Pull-Through (E6-2, E6-2a) signs

(see Figure 2E-2) are overhead guide

signs intended for through traffic.

Guidance:

02 Pull-Through signs should be

used where the geometrics of a given

interchange are such that it is not clear

to the road user as to which is the

through roadway, or where additional

route guidance is desired. Pull-Through

signs with down arrows should be used

where the alignment of the through

lanes is curved and the exit direction

is straight ahead, where the number

of through lanes is not readily evident,

and at multi-lane exits where there is a

reduction in the number of through lanes.

Support:

03 Sections 2E.20 through 2E.24 contain information regarding the use of Overhead Arrow-per-Lane or

Diagrammatic guide signs at multi-lane exits where there is a reduction in the number of through lanes and a

through lane becomes an interior option lane for through or exiting traffic.

Section 2E.13 Designation of Destinations

Standard:

01 The direction of a freeway and the major destinations or control cities along it shall be clearly identified

through the use of appropriate destination legends (see Section 2D.37). Successive freeway guide signs shall

provide continuity in destination names and consistency with available map information. At any decision

point, a given destination shall be indicated by way of only one route.

Guidance:

02 Control city legends should be used in the following situations along a freeway:

A. At interchanges between freeways;

B. At separation points of overlapping freeway routes;

C. On directional signs on intersecting routes, to guide traffic entering the freeway;

D. On Pull-Through signs; and

E. On the bottom line of post-interchange distance signs.

A

B

Cantilever

State

Route 27

A B

Figure 2E-1. Example of Guide Sign Spreading

Figure 2E-2. Pull-Through Signs

E6-2 E6-2a

Sect. 2E.12 to 2E.13 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 185

Support:

03 Continuity of destination names is also useful on expressways serving long-distance or intrastate travel.

04 The determination of major destinations or control cities is important to the quality of service provided by

the freeway. Control cities on freeway guide signs are selected by the States and are contained in the “Guidelines

for the Selection of Supplemental Guide Signs for Traffic Generators Adjacent to Freeways, 4th Edition/Guide

Signs, Part II: Guidelines for Airport Guide Signing/Guide Signs, Part III: List of Control Cities for Use in Guide

Signs on Interstate Highways,” published by and available from the American Association of State and Highway

Transportation Officials (see Section 1A.11).

Section 2E.14 Size and Style of Letters and Signs

Standard:

01 Except as provided in Section 2A.11, the sizes of freeway and expressway guide signs that have

standardized designs shall be as shown in Table 2E-1.

Support:

02 Section 2A.11 contains information regarding the applicability of the various columns in Table 2E-1.

Option:

03 Signs larger than those shown in Table 2E-1 may be used (see Section 2A.11).

Standard:

04 For all freeway and expressway signs that do not have a standardized design, the message dimensions

shall be determined first, and the outside sign dimensions secondarily. Word messages in the legend of

expressway guide signs shall be in letters at least 8 inches high. Larger lettering shall be used for major

guide signs at or in advance of interchanges and for all overhead signs. Minimum numeral and letter sizes

for expressway guide signs according to interchange classification, type of sign, and component of sign

legend shall be as shown in Tables 2E-2 and 2E-3. Minimum numeral and letter sizes for freeway guide

signs according to interchange classification, type of sign, and component of sign legend shall be as shown

in Tables 2E-4 and 2E-5. All names of places, streets, and highways on freeway and expressway guide signs

shall be composed of lower-case letters with initial upper-case letters. The letters and the numerals used

shall be Series E(M) of the “Standard Highway Signs and Markings” book (see Section 1A.11). The nominal

loop height of the lower-case letters shall be 3/4 of the height of the initial upper-case letter (see Paragraph 2

of Section 2D.05 for additional information on the specification of letter heights). Other word legends shall be

composed of upper-case letters. Interline and edge spacing shall be as provided in Section 2E.15.

05 Lettering size on freeway and expressway signs shall be the same for both rural and urban conditions.

Support:

06 Sign size is determined primarily in terms of the length of the message and the size of the lettering necessary

for proper legibility. Letter style and height, and arrow design have been standardized for freeway and expressway

signs to assure uniform and effective application.

07 Designs for upper-case and lower-case alphabets together with Tables of recommended letter spacing, are

shown in the “Standard Highway Signs and Markings” book (see Section 1A.11).

Guidance:

08 Freeway lettering sizes (see Tables 2E-4 and 2E-5) should be used when expressway geometric design is

comparable to freeway standards.

09 Other sign letter size requirements not specifically identified elsewhere in this Manual should be guided by

these specifications. Abbreviations (see Section 2E.17) should be kept to a minimum.

Support:

10 A sign mounted over a particular roadway lane to which it applies might have to be limited in horizontal

dimension to the width of the lane, so that another sign can be placed over an adjacent lane. The necessity to

maintain proper vertical clearance might also place a further limitation on the size of the overhead sign and the

legend that can be accommodated.

Section 2E.15 lnterline and Edge Spacing

Guidance:

01 Interline spacing of upper-case letters should be approximately three-fourths the average of upper-case letter

heights in adjacent lines of letters.

02 The spacings to the top and bottom borders should be equal to the average of the letter height of the adjacent

line of letters. The lateral spacing to the vertical borders should be essentially the same as the height of the

largest letter.

December 2009 Sect. 2E.13 to 2E.

2009 Edition Page 187

Sign or Plaque Sign Designation Section Minimum Size

State Route Sign (3 digits) M1-5 2D.11 45 x 36 County Route Sign (1, 2, or 3 digits) M1-6 2D.11 36 x 36 Forest Route (1, 2, or 3 digits) M1-7 2D.11 36 x 36 Eisenhower Interstate System M1-10,10a 2E.28 36 x 36 Junction M2-1 2D.13 30 x 21 Combination Junction (2 route signs) M2-2 2D.14 60 x 48* Cardinal Direction M3-1,2,3,4 2D.15 36 x 18 Alternate M4-1,1a 2D.17 36 x 18 By-Pass M4-2 2D.18 36 x 18 Business M4-3 2D.19 36 x 18 Truck M4-4 2D.20 36 x 18 To M4-5 2D.21 36 x 18 End M4-6 2D.22 36 x 18 Temporary M4-7,7a 2D.24 36 x 18 Begin M4-14 2D.23 36 x 18 Advance Turn Arrow M5-1,2,3 2D.26 30 x 21 Lane Designation M5-4,5,6 2D.27 36 x 24 Directional Arrow M6-1,2,2a,3,4,5,6,7 2D.28 30 x 21 Destination (1 line) D1-1 2D.37 Varies x 30 Destination and Distance (1 line) D1-1a 2D.37 Varies x 30 Destination (2 lines) D1-2 2D.37 Varies x 54 Destination and Distance (2 lines) D1-2a 2D.37 Varies x 54 Destination (3 lines) D1-3 2D.37 Varies x 72 Destination and Distance (3 lines) D1-3a 2D.37 Varies x 72 Distance (1 line) D2-1 2D.41 Varies x 30 Distance (2 lines) D2-2 2D.41 Varies x 54 Distance (3 lines) D2-3 2D.41 Varies x 72 Street Name D3-1,1a 2D.43 Varies x 18 Advance Street Name (2 lines) D3-2 2D.44 Varies x 42* Advance Street Name (3 lines) D3-2 2D.44 Varies x 66* Advance Street Name (4 lines) D3-2 2D.44 Varies x 84* Park - Ride D4-2 2D.48 36 x 48 National Scenic Byways D6-4 2D.55 24 x 24 National Scenic Byways D6-4a 2D.55 24 x 12 Weigh Station XX Miles D8-1 2E.54 96 x 72 (F) 78 x 60 (E) Weigh Station Next Right D8-2 2E.54 108 x 90 (F) 84 x 72 (E) Weigh Station (with arrow) D8-3 2E.54 84 x 78 (F) 66 x 60 (E) Crossover D13-1,2 2D.54 78 x 42 Freeway Entrance D13-3 2D.46 48 x 30 Freeway Entrance (with arrow) D13-3a 2D.46 48 x 42 Combination Lane Use / Destination D15-1 2D.33 Varies x 96 Next Truck Lane XX Miles D17-1 2D.51 60 x 66 Truck Lane XX Miles D17-2 2D.51 60 x 54 Slow Vehicle Turn-Out XX Miles D17-7 2D.52 96 x 54

The size shown is for a typical sign as illustrated in the figures in Chapters 2D and 2E. The size should be determined based on the amount of legend required for the sign. ** The width shown represents the minimum dimension. The width shall be increased as appropriate to match the width of the guide sign. Notes: 1. Larger signs may be used when appropriate

Dimensions in inches are shown as width x height
Where two sizes are shown, the larger size is for freeways (F) and the smaller size is for expressways (E)

Table 2E-1. Freeway or Expressway Guide Sign and Plaque Sizes (Sheet 2 of 2)

December 2009 Sect. 2E.

Page 188 2009 Edition

Table 2E-2. Minimum Letter and Numeral Sizes for Expressway

Guide Signs According to Interchange Classification

Type of Sign

Type of Interchange (see Section 2E.32)

Major Overhead

Intermediate Minor

Category a Category b

A. Advance Guide, Exit Di rectio n, and Overhead Guide Signs

Exit Number Plaques Words 10 10 10 8 10 Numerals & Letters 15 15 15 12 15 Interstate Route Signs Numerals 18 — — — 18 1- or 2-Digit Shields 36 x 36 — — — 36 x 36 3-Digit Shields 45 x 36 — — — 45 x 36 U.S. or State Route Signs Numerals 18 18 18 12 18 1- or 2-Digit Shields 36 x 36 36 x 36 36 x 36 24 x 24 36 x 36 3-Digit Shields 45 x 36 45 x 36 45 x 36 30 x 24 45 x 36 U.S. or State Route Text Identification (Example: US 56) Numerals & Letters 18 15 15 12 15 Cardinal Directions First Letters 18 15 12 10 15 Rest of Words 15 12 10 8 12 Auxiliary and Alternative Route Legends (Examples: JCT, TO, ALT, BUSINESS) Words 15 12 10 8 12 Names of Destinations Upper-Case Letters 20 16 13.33 10.67 16 Lower-Case Letters 15 12 10 8 12 Distance Numbers 18 15 12 10 15 Distance Fraction Numerals 12 10 10 8 10 Distance Words 12 10 10 8 10 Action Message Words 10 10 10 8 10

B. Gore Signs

Words 10 10 10 8 — Numerals & Letters 12 12 12 10 — Note: Sizes are shown in inches and where applicable are shown as width x height

Sect. 2E.15 December 2009

Page 190 2009 Edition

Table 2E-4. Minimum Letter and Numeral Sizes for Freeway

Guide Signs According to Interchange Classification

Type of Sign

Type of Interchange (see Section 2E.32)

Major Overhead

Intermediate Minor

Category a Category b

A. Advance Guide, Exit Direction, and Overhead Guide Signs

Exit Number Plaques Words 10 10 10 10 10 Numerals & Letters 15 15 15 15 15 Interstate Route Signs Numerals 24/18 — — — 18 1- or 2-Digit Shields 48 x 48/36 x 36 — — — 36 x 36 3-Digit Shields 60 x 48/45 x 36 — — — 45 x 36 U.S. or State Route Signs Numerals 24/18 18 18 12 18 1- or 2-Digit Shields 48 x 48/36 x 36 36 x 36 36 x 36 24 x 24 36 x 36

3-Digit Shields 60 x 48/45 x 36 45 x 36 45 x 36 30 x 24 45 x 36 U.S. or State Route Text Identification (Example: US 56) Numerals & Letters 18 18/15 15 12 15 Cardinal Directions First Letters 18 15 15 10 15 Rest of Words 15 12 12 8 12 Auxiliary and Alternative Route Legends (Examples: JCT, TO, ALT, BUSINESS) Words 15 12 12 8 12 Names of Destinations Upper-Case Letters 20 20 16 13.33 16 Lower-Case Letters 15 15 12 10 12 Distance Numbers 18 18/15 15 12 15 Distance Fraction Numerals 12 12/10^10 8 Distance Words 12 12/10 10 8 10 Action Message Words 12 12/10 10 8 10

B. Gore Signs

Words 12 12 12 8 — Numeral & Letters (^18 18 18 12) — Notes: 1. Sizes are shown in inches and where applicable are shown as width x height

Slanted line (/) signifies separation of desirable and minimum sizes

Sect. 2E.15 December 2009

2009 Edition Page 191

Type of Sign MinimumSize

A. Pull-Through Signs

Destinations — Upper-Case Letters 16 Destinations — Lower-Case Letters 12 Route Signs 1- or 2-Digit Shields 36 x 36 3-Digit Shields 45 x 36 Cardinal Directions — First Letter 15 Cardinal Directions — Rest of Word 12

B. Supplemental Guide Signs

Exit Number Words 10 Exit Number Numerals and Letters 15 Place Names — Upper-Case Letters 13. Place Names — Lower-Case Letters 10 Action Messages 8 Route Signs Numerals 12 1- or 2-Digit Shield 24 x 24 3-Digit Shield 30 x 24

C. Interchange Sequence or Community Interchanges

Identification Signs

Words — Upper-Case Letters 13. Words — Lower-Case Letters 10 Numerals 13. Fraction Numerals 10 Route Signs Numerals 12 1- or 2-Digit Shield 24 x 24 3-Digit Shield 30 x 24

D. Next XX Exits Sign

Place Names — Upper-Case Letters 13. Place Names — Lower-Case Letters 10 NEXT XX EXITS — Words 10 NEXT XX EXITS — Number 15

E. Distance Signs

Words — Upper-Case Letters 8 Words — Lower-Case Letters 6 Numerals 8 Route Signs Numerals 9 1- or 2-Digit Shield 18 x 18 3-Digit Shield 22.5 x 18

F. General Services Signs (see Chapter 2I)

Exit Number Words 10 Exit Number Numerals and Letters 15 Services (^10)

Type of Sign MinimumSize

G. Rest Area, Scenic Area, and Roadside Area Signs

(see Chapter 2I)

Words 12 Distance Numerals 15 Distance Fraction Numerals 10 Distance Words 10 Action Message Words 12

H. Reference Location Signs (see Chapter 2H)

Words 4 Numerals 10

I. Boundary and Orientation Signs (see Chapter 2H)

Words — Upper-Case Letters 8 Words — Lower-Case Letters 6

J. Next Exit and Next Services Signs

Words and Numerals 8

K. Exit Only Signs

Words 12

L. Overhead Arrow-Per-Lane Signs

Arrowhead (Type D Directional Arrow) 21. Arrow Shaft Width 8 Arrow Height Through 72 Left Only 48 Right Only 48 Optional-Diverge (Through with Left or Right) 72 Optional-Split (Left and Right) 66 Vertical Separator Width 2 Vertical Space between Vertical Separator and Top of Nearest Arrow 8 Horizontal Space between Vertical Separator and Top of Nearest Through Arrow 15 Horizontal Space between Arrow Shaft and EXIT and ONLY plaques 10 EXIT and ONLY Panels 60 x 18

M. Diagrammatic Signs

Arrowhead (Type D Directional Arrow) 13.5* Lane Widths 5 Lane Line Segments 1 x 6 Spacing between Lane Line Segments 6 Stem Height to Upper Point of Departure 30 Horizontal Space between Arrowhead and Route Shield or Destination 12

The size shown is the arrowhead width per lane depicted on the corresponding arrow shaft Note: Sizes are shown in inches and where applicable are shown as width x height

Table 2E-5. Minimum Letter and Numeral Sizes for Freeway

Guide Signs According to Sign Type

December 2009 Sect. 2D.

2009 Edition Page 193

approximate center of that lane. Down arrows shall be used only on overhead guide signs that restrict the

use of specific lanes to traffic bound for the destination(s) and/or route(s) indicated by these arrows. Down

arrows shall not be used unless an arrow can be located over and pointed to the approximate center of each

lane that can be used to reach the destination displayed on the sign.

06 If down arrows are used, having more than one down arrow pointing to the same lane on a single

overhead sign (or on multiple signs on the same overhead sign structure) shall not be permitted.

Support:

07 Directional and down arrows for use on guide signs are shown in Figure 2D-2. Detailed drawings and

standardized sizes based on ranges of letter heights for these arrows are provided in the “Standard Highway

Signs and Markings” book (see Section 1A.11). Information on the dimensions for arrows used in Overhead

Arrow-per-Lane and Diagrammatic guide signing is also provided in the “Standard Highway Signs and

Markings” book.

Section 2E.20 Signing for Option Lanes at Splits and Multi-Lane Exits

Support:

01 Some freeway and expressway splits or multi-lane exit interchanges contain an interior option lane serving

both movements in which traffic can either leave the route or remain on the route, or choose either destination at a

split, from the same lane.

Standard:

02 On freeways and expressways, either the Overhead Arrow-per-Lane or Diagrammatic guide sign

designs as provided in Sections 2E.21 and 2E.22 shall be used for all multi-lane exits at major interchanges

(see Section 2E.32) that have an optional exit lane that also carries the through route (see Figures 2E-4,

2E-5, 2E-8, and 2E-9) and for all splits that include an option lane (see Figures 2E-6 and 2E-10). Overhead

Arrow-per-Lane or Diagrammatic guide signs shall not be used on freeways and expressways for any other

types of exits or splits, including single-lane exits and splits that do not have an option lane.

Guidance:

03 The Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide sign design (see Section 2E.21) should also be considered for multi-lane

exits with an option lane at intermediate interchanges (see Section 2E.32) based on such factors as the extent of

the need to optimize the mainline operation by maximizing the usage of the option lane, the extent of the period(s)

of the day during which the exiting volumes warrant the multi-lane exit arrangement, and the nature of the traffic

that primarily uses the option lane during the high-volume periods.

04 Signing for multi-lane exits at minor interchanges (see Section 2E.32) that have an optional exit lane or at

intermediate interchanges that have an optional exit lane at which it has been determined that the Overhead

Arrow-per-Lane guide sign design is not warranted should use a combination of conventional guide signing and

regulatory lane-use signing, in accordance with the provisions of Section 2E.23.

Section 2E.21 Design of Overhead Arrow-per-Lane Guide Signs for Option Lanes

Support:

01 Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide signs (see Figure 2E-3) are used where an option lane is present at freeway

and expressway multi-lane exit interchanges and splits. They display an upward-pointing arrow above each lane

that conveys the direction(s) of travel that the lane serves at the point of departure. At locations where an option

lane is present at a multi-lane exit or split, Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide signs have been shown to be superior

to either conventional guide signs or Diagrammatic guide signs because they convey positive direction about which

destination and direction each approach lane serves, particularly for the option lane, which is otherwise difficult to

clearly sign.

Standard:

02 Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide signs shall be used on all new or reconstructed freeways and

expressways as described in Section 2E.20.

03 Where used, the Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide sign at the exit or split shall be located at or in the

immediate vicinity of the point where the exiting lanes begin to diverge from the through lanes or, for a

split, at the point where the approach lanes begin to diverge from one another, preserving the relation of the

arrows displayed on the sign to their respective lanes. The Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide sign at the exit

shall not be located at or near the theoretical gore.

Option:

04 At existing or non-reconstructed locations where Exit Direction and Pull-Through signs exist at the theoretical

gore, the existing sign support structure may remain in place, continuing to use Exit Direction and Pull-Through

signs, in conjunction with a replacement of the advance signs using the Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide

sign design.

December 2009 Sect. 2E.19 to 2E.

Page 194 2009 Edition

Standard:

05 If existing Exit Direction and Pull-Through signs are being retained at an interchange as provided in

Paragraph 4, an Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide sign shall not be used at the location of the Exit Direction

and Pull-Through signs at or in the vicinity of the theoretical gore. New installations of Exit Direction and

Pull-Through signs shall not be permitted in conjunction with Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide signs on

new or reconstructed facilities.

Guidance:

06 Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide signs should be located at approximately 1/2 mile and 1 mile in advance

of the exit or split, and at approximately 2 miles in advance of the exit or split where space is available and

conditions allow.

Standard:

07 Overhead Arrow-per-Lane guide signs used on freeways and expressways shall include one arrow above

each lane and shall be designed in accordance with the following criteria:

A. The sign shall include an upward-pointing arrow for each lane of the approach to the split or exit,

and the shaft of each arrow shall be located approximately over the center of the lane to which it

applies.

B. Arrows for continuing through lanes shall be vertically upward pointing (see Figure 2E-4) unless

those lanes are on a significantly curved alignment beyond the theoretical gore, in which case

the arrows for the continuing through lanes shall indicate the approximate degree of curvature

(see Figure 2E-5).

C. The arrow for a lane that must exit shall be curved in the direction of the exit and shall be

accompanied by black-on-yellow EXIT (E11-1a) and ONLY (E11-1b) sign panels adjacent to the

lower end of the arrow shaft. The E11-1a and E11-1b sign panels shall not be used for a split of

two overlapping routes where neither of the diverging routes is designated as an exit. Where the

through lanes curve and the exit continues on a straight alignment, upward-pointing vertical arrows

shall be used for the exiting movement and curved arrows for the through movement.

D. The arrow for an optional exit lane that also carries the through route shall have a single shaft

that bifurcates into a vertically upward-pointing arrow and a curving arrow corresponding to the

configuration of the through and exit lanes.

E. For splits with an option lane, the arrow for the lane from which either direction of the split can

be accessed shall have a single shaft that bifurcates into two upward-pointing curving arrows

showing the approximate degrees of curvature of the two roadways beyond the theoretical gore

(see Figure 2E-6).

F. A vertical white line shall be used to separate the route shields and destinations for the two

diverging movements from each other.

Figure 2E-3. Overhead Arrow-per-Lane Guide Sign for a Multi-Lane Exit

with an Option Lane

Sect. 2E.21 December 2009

Page 196 2009 Edition

RAMP TO

U.S. 130

I-

Figure 2E-5. Overhead Arrow-per-Lane Guide Signs for a Two-Lane Exit to the Right

with an Option Lane (Through Lanes Curve to the Left)

Sect. 2E.21 December 2009

Figure 2E-6. Overhead Arrow-per-Lane Guide Signs for a Split with an Option Lane

 - 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number E1-5P 2E.31 114 x Exit Number (plaque) - 3-Digit Exit Number E1-5P 2E.31 132 x - 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E1-5P 2E.31 138 x - 3-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E1-5P 2E.31 156 x - 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E1-5P 2E.31 168 x - 3-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E1-5P 2E.31 186 x

Left (plaque) E1-5aP 2E.33 72 x
- 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number E1-5bP 2E.31 114 x Left Exit Number (plaque)
- 3-Digit Exit Number E1-5bP 2E.31 132 x
- 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E1-5bP 2E.31 138 x
- 3-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E1-5bP 2E.31 156 x
- 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E1-5bP 2E.31 168 x
- 3-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E1-5bP 2E.31 186 x
Next Exit XX Miles (1 line) — 2E.34 Varies x
Next Exit XX Miles (2 lines) — 2E.34 Varies x
Exit Gore (no exit number) E5-1 2E.37 72 x
- 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number E5-1a 2E.37 78 x Exit Gore (with exit number)
- 3-Digit Exit Number E5-1a 2E.37 96 x
- 1-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E5-1a 2E.37 90 x
- 2-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E5-1a 2E.37 108 x
- 3-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E5-1a 2E.37 126 x
- 1-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E5-1a 2E.37 120 x
- 2-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E5-1a 2E.37 138 x
- 3-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E5-1a 2E.37 156 x
- 1-, 2-Digit Exit Number E5-1bP 2E.37 42 x Exit Number (plaque)
- 3-Digit Exit Number E5-1bP 2E.37 60 x
- 1-Digit Exit Number (with single letter suffix) E5-1bP 2E.37 48 x
- 1-Digit Exit Number (with dual letter suffix) E5-1bP 2E.37 72 x
- 2-Digit Exit Number (with single or dual letter suffix) E5-1bP 2E.37 72 x
- 3-Digit Exit Number (with single or dual letter suffix) E5-1bP 2E.37 72 x
Exit Only (with arrow) E11-1,1d 2E.24 174** x Pull-Through E6-2a 2E.12 Varies x 90*
Exit E11-1a 2E.24 66 x
Only E11-1b 2E.24 66 x
Exit Only E11-1c 2E.24 120 x
Exit Only (with two arrows) E11-1e,1f 2E.24 222** x
Left E11-2 2E.40 60 x
Exit Gore Advisory Speed (plaque) E13-1P 2E.37 72 x
Exit Direction Advisory Speed E13-2 2E.36 162 x
Interstate Route Sign (1 or 2 digits) M1-1 2E.27 36 x
Interstate Route Sign (3 digits) M1-1 2E.27 45 x
Off-Interstate Route Sign (1 or 2 digits) M1-2,3 2E.27 36 x
Off-Interstate Route Sign (3 digits) M1-2,3 2E.27 45 x
U.S. Route Sign (1 or 2 digits) M1-4 2E.27 36 x
U.S. Route Sign (3 digits) M1-4 2E.27 45 x
State Route Sign (1 or 2 digits) M1-5 2D.11 36 x
Sect. 2E.15 December Table 2E-1. Freeway or Expressway Guide Sign and Plaque Sizes (Sheet 1 of 2)
2009 Edition Page - I-43 & I-
- I-94 I-
December 2009 Sect. 2E.

Guide Signs for Highways: Functions, Classification & Installation, Summaries of Design

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2009 Edition Page 181

CHAPTER 2E. GUIDE SIGNS—FREEWAYS AND EXPRESSWAYS

Section 2E.01 Scope of Freeway and Expressway Guide Sign Standards

Support:

01 The provisions of this Chapter provide a uniform and effective system of signing for high-volume, high-speed

motor vehicle traffic on freeways and expressways. The requirements and specifications for expressway signing

exceed those for conventional roads (see Chapter 2D), but are less than those for freeway signing. Since there are

many geometric design variables to be found in existing roads, a signing concept commensurate with prevailing

conditions is the primary consideration. Section 1A.13 includes definitions of freeway and expressway.

02 Guide signs for freeways and expressways are primarily identified by the name of the sign rather than by an

assigned sign designation. Guidelines for the design of guide signs for freeways and expressways are provided in

the “Standard Highway Signs and Markings” book (see Section 1A.11).

Standard:

03 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to any highway that meets the definition of freeway or

expressway facilities.

Section 2E.02 Freeway and Expressway Signing Principles

Support:

01 The development of a signing system for freeways and expressways is approached on the premise that the

signing is primarily for the benefit and direction of road users who are not familiar with the route or area. The

signing furnishes road users with clear instructions for orderly progress to their destinations. Sign installations

are an integral part of the facility and, as such, are best planned concurrently with the development of highway

location and geometric design. For optimal results, plans for signing are analyzed during the earliest stages of

preliminary design, and details are correlated as final design is developed. The excessive signing found on many

major highways usually is the result of using a multitude of signs that are too small and that are poorly designed

and placed to accomplish the intended purpose.

02 Freeway and expressway signing is to be considered and developed as a planned system of installations. An

engineering study is sometimes necessary for proper solution of the problems of many individual locations, but, in

addition, consideration of an entire route is necessary.

Guidance

03 Road users should be guided with consistent signing on the approaches to interchanges, when they drive from

one State to another, and when driving through rural or urban areas. Because geographical, geometric, and

operating factors regularly create significant differences between urban and rural conditions, the signing should

take these conditions into account.

04 Guide signs on freeways and expressways should serve distinct functions as follows:

A. Give directions to destinations, or to streets or highway routes, at intersections or interchanges;

B. Furnish advance notice of the approach to intersections or interchanges;

C. Direct road users into appropriate lanes in advance of diverging or merging movements;

D. Identify routes and directions on those routes;

E. Show distances to destinations;

F. Indicate access to general motorist services, rest, scenic, and recreational areas; and

G. Provide other information of value to the road user.

Section 2E.03 Guide Sign Classification

Support:

01 Freeway and expressway guide signs are classified and treated in the following categories:

A. Route signs and Trailblazer Assemblies (see Section 2E.27),

B. At-Grade Intersection signs (see Section 2E.29),

C. Interchange signs (see Sections 2E.30 through 2E.39),

D. Interchange Sequence signs (see Section 2E.40),

E. Community Interchanges Identification signs (see Section 2E.41),

F. NEXT XX EXITS signs (see Section 2E.42),

G. Weigh Station signing (see Section 2E.54),

H. Miscellaneous Information signs (see Section 2H.04)

I. Reference Location signs (see Section 2H.05),

J. General Service signs (see Chapter 2I),

K. Rest and Scenic Area signs (see Section 2I.05),

L. Tourist Information and Welcome Center signs (see Section 2I.08),

M. Radio Information signing (see Section 2I.09)

N. Carpool and Ridesharing signing (see Section 2I.11),

O. Specific Service signs (see Chapter 2J), and

P. Recreational and Cultural Interest Area signs (see Chapter 2M).

Page 182 2009 Edition

Section 2E.04 General

Support:

01 Signs are designed so that they are legible to road users approaching them and readable in time to permit

proper responses. Desired design characteristics include: (a) long visibility distances, (b) large lettering, symbols,

and arrows, and (c) short legends for quick comprehension.

Standard:

02 Standard shapes and colors shall be used so that traffic signs can be promptly recognized by road users.

Section 2E.05 Color of Guide Signs

Standard:

01 Guide signs on freeways and expressways, except as otherwise provided in this Manual, shall have white

letters, symbols, arrows, and borders on a green background.

Support:

02 Color requirements for route signs and trailblazers, signs with blank-out or changeable messages, signs for

services, rest areas, park and recreational areas, and for certain miscellaneous signs are provided in the individual

Sections dealing with the particular sign or sign group.