Chapter 30 Question and answers correctly solved, Exams of Nursing

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Chapter 30 - Recognizing and Identifying

the Hazards

Absorption - correct answer The process by which substances travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream. Air bill - correct answer The shipping papers on an airplane Asphyxiants - correct answer Materials that cause the victim to suffocate. Bill of Lading - correct answer The shipping papers used for transport of chemicals over roads and highways; also referred to as a freight bill. Bung - correct answer One or two openings on top of a closed-head drum. Typically sealed with a threaded cap. Carboy - correct answer A glass, plastic or steel storage container, ranging in volume from 5 to 15 gallons. Carcinogen - correct answer A cancer-causing substance that is identified in one of several published lists, including, but not limited to, NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, and the ACGIH 2007 TLVs and BEIs. (NFPA 1851) Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - correct answer A division of the American Chemical Society. This resource provides hazardous materials responders with access to an enormous collection of chemical substance information-- the CAS Registry Consist - correct answer A list of the contents of every car on a train; also called a train list. Contagious - correct answer Capable of transmitting a disease. Container - correct answer A vessel, including cylinders, tanks, portable tanks, and cargo tanks, used for transporting or storing materials. (NFPA 1) Dangerous Cargo Manifest - correct answer The shipping papers on a marine vessel, generally located in a tube-like container. Dewar Container - correct answer A container designed to preserve the temperature of the cold liquid held inside. Drum - correct answer A barrel-like storage vessel used to store a wide variety of substances, including food-grade materials, corrosives, flammable liquids, and grease.

Drums may be constructed of low-carbon steel, polyethylene, cardboard, stainless steel, nickel, or other materials. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) - correct answer The reference book, written in plain language, to guide emergency responders in their initial actions at the incident scene, specifically the Emergency Response Guidebook from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Transport Canada, and the Secretariat of Transport and Communications, Mexico. (NFPA 1072) Freight Bill - correct answer The shipping papers used for transport of chemicals along roads and highways. Also referred to as a bill of lading. Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) - correct answer A color-coded marking system by which employers give their personnel the necessary information to work safely around chemicals. The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is the Canadian Hazard communication standard. Infectious - correct answer Capable of causing an illness by entry of a pathogenic microorganism. Ingestion - correct answer Exposure to a hazardous material by swallowing the substance. Inhalation - correct answer Exposure to a hazardous material by breathing the substance into the lungs. Injection - correct answer Exposure to a hazardous material by the substance entering cuts or other breaches in the skin. Labels - correct answer A visual indication whether in pictorial or word format that provides for the identification of a control, switch, indicator, or gauge or the display of information useful to the operator. (NFPA 1901) NFPA 704 Hazard Identification System - correct answer A hazardous materials marking system designed for FIXED-FACILITY use. It used a diamond-shaped symbol of any size, which is itself broken into four smaller diamonds, each representing a particular property or characteristic of the material. Pipeline - correct answer A length of pipe including pumps, valves, flanges, control devices, strainers, and/or similar equipment for conveying fluids. (NFPA 70) Pipeline Right-of-Way - correct answer An area, patch, or roadway that extends a certain number of feet on either side of a pipeline and that may contain warning and informational signs about hazardous materials carried in the pipeline.

Sulfuric Acid can also be found in a ____________ amber glass container. - correct answer 1-gallon Hydrofluoric acid is incompatible with silica (glass) and would be stored in a _________ container. - correct answer plastic Generally, the nature of the chemical dictates the construction of the storage ____. - correct answer Drum _______________ utility drums, hold flammable liquids, cleaning fluids, oil, and other noncorrosive chemicals. - correct answer Steel ____________ drums, are used for corrosives such as acids, bases, oxidizers, and other materials that cannot be stored in steel containers. - correct answer Polyethylene ______________ drums hold solid materials such as soap flakes, sodium hydroxide pellets, and food-grade materials. - correct answer Cardboard ___________________ or other heavy-duty drums generally hold materials too aggressive (i.e. too reactive) for either plain steel or polyethylene. - correct answer Stainless steel Closed-head drums usually have one _______ bung and one _______ bung. The larger bung is used to _________ product from the drum; the smaller bung functions as a vent. - correct answer 2 inch; 3/4 inch; pump A ______________ is used to operate the opening on the top of a closed-head drum. - correct answer bung wrench An ______ drum has a removable lid fastened to the drum with a ring. - correct answer open-head Some corrosives and other types of chemicals are transported and stored in a vessel called a ______________. - correct answer Carboy _________ carboys are often placed in a protective wood, foam, fiberglass, or steel box to help prevent breakage. - correct answer Glass __________________, ____________, and other strong acids are often transported and stored in thick glass carboys protected by a wooden or styrofoam crate to shield the glass container from damage during normal shipping. - correct answer Nitric acid, sulfuric acid

Uninsulated compressed gas cylinders are used to store substances such as, __________, ____________, ______________, and oxygen. - correct answer nitrogen, argon, helium Cylinders come in a range of sizes and have variable internal pressures. The very large compressed gas cylinders found at a fixed facility may have pressure readings of _________ psi or greater. - correct answer 5000 Propane cylinders have lower pressures (______-______ psi) and contain ________ gas. - correct answer 200-300, liquefied Liquefied gases such as propane are subject to the phenomenon known as ________________. - correct answer BLEVE (boiling liquid/expanding vapor explosion) BLEVEs occur when pressurized liquefied materials (propane or butane, for example) inside a closed vessel are exposed to a source of _______________. - correct answer high heat The _________________ Dewar container is another commonly encountered cylinder type. Dewars are Thermos-like vessels designed to hold __________________, such as helium, liquid nitrogen, and liquid argon. - correct answer low-pressure, cryogenic liquids (cryogens) What are 5 common types of cryogens/cryogenic liquids? - correct answer Oxygen Helium Hydrogen Argon Nitrogen Nitrogen, for example, becomes a liquid at __________ (-160 degrees celsius) and must be kept at that temperature if it is to remain in a liquid state. - correct answer - 320 degrees farenheit Cryogens have large ________________ - even larger than the expansion ratio of propane (270:1). - correct answer expansion ratios Cryogenic containers usually have two pressure-relief devices: _____________ and a ___________________. - correct answer pressure-relief valve, frangible (easily broken) metal disk A common source of information about a chemical is the _________ specific to that substance. - correct answer SDS An SDS will typically include the following 12 details: - correct answer 1. Name of the chemical, including any synonyms

1 - flash points above 200 degrees Fahrenheit (93 degrees Celsius) (materials must be preheated before ignition can occur) 2 - flash points above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 deg. Celsius) but not exceeding 200 degrees Fahrenheit (materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur) 3 - flash points below 100 degrees Fahrenheit (Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions.) 4 - flash points below 73 degrees Fahrenheit (22 deg. Celsius) and a boiling point below 100 deg. Fahrenheit. [Extremely flammable] (Materials that will rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or that are readily dispersed in air and that will burn readily.) What do the numbers mean on the YELLOW diamond of a 704 placard? - correct answer 0 - Stable (even under fire conditions and are not reactive with water) 1 - Unstable if heated (Become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures) 2 - Violent Chemical Change (Readily undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, or react violently with water, or that may form explosive mixtures with water) 3 - Shock and Heat may detonate (Materials that are in themselves capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction but require a strong initiating source, or that must be heated under confinement before initiation, or react explosively with water) 4 - May Detonate (Materials that are readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction at normal temperatures and pressures) What do the symbols mean on the WHITE diamond of a 704 placard? - correct answer ACID - Acid ALK - Alkali COR - Corrosive OX - Oxidizer W with a horizontal slash through it - Water reactive Three-bladed trefoil - Radioactive

What is the difference between the DOT hazardous materials marking system and the NFPA 704 Placard system? - correct answer DOT Hazardous materials marking system - used when materials are being transported from one location to another NFPA 704 placard system - designed for fixed-facility use only Hazardous Materials Information System (HMIS) - correct answer Used in the workplace communication program that has helped employers comply with the Hazard Communication Standard established by the U.S. OSHA Similar to the NFPA 704 marking system uses a numerical hazard rating with similarly colored horizontal columns What is the order of and meaning of the colors on the HMIS? - correct answer Blue - Health Red - Flammability Yellow/Orange - Physical Hazard The military system serves primarily to identify ________________, ____________, and ___________ hazards. - correct answer detonation, fire, special What are the four categories of the military hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction marking system? - correct answer Division 1: Materials are considered MASS DETONATION hazards (number 1 printed inside an orange octagon) Division 2: Materials have EXPLOSION-WITH-FRAGMENT hazards (number 2 printed inside an orange X) Division 3: Materials are MASS FIRE hazards (number 3 inside an inverted orange triangle) Division 4: Materials are MODERATE FIRE hazards (number 4 printed inside of an orange diamond) Chemical Hazards in the military system are depicted by ____________. How many? What do they depict? - correct answer colors (3) Toxic agents = red (ex: sarin/mustard) Harassing agents = yellow (ex: tear gas and smoke producers) White Phosphorus = white Military shipments containing hazmat/WMD are ______ to be placarded. - correct answer not required What information should Shipping Papers include? - correct answer Names and addresses of the shipper and the receiver

inverted j-shaped tubes provide pressure relief or natural venting during maintenance and repairs. They are clearly marked and located approximately 3 feet above the ground The _____________________ is intended to help responders decide which preliminary action to take and provides information on several thousand chemicals. - correct answer Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) In most cases, the package or cargo tank must contain a certain amount of hazardous material before a ___________ is required. (ex: 1000-pound rule) - correct answer placard What is the 1000-pound rule? - correct answer Applies to some explosives, flammable and nonflammable gases, flammable/combustible liquids, flammable solids, air-reactive solids, oxidizers and organic peroxides, poison solids, corrosives and miscellaneous (class 9) materials placards are required for these materials only when the shipment weighs more than 1000-pounds. Placards are absolutely required for any shipment containing the following (regardless of weight): - correct answer explosives, poison gases, water-reactive solids, and high- level radioactive substances. Labels are _____________ versions of placards. - correct answer smaller (4 inch diamond-shaped indicators); placed on all four sides of individual boxes and smaller packages being transported. A placard identifies the broad ______________ (flammable, poison, corrosive) to which the material inside belongs. A four digit ____________________ may be required on some placards. - correct answer hazard class; United Nations (UN) Number What is a "small spill" according to the ERG? - correct answer a leak from one small package a small leak in a large container (up to a 55-gallon drum) a small cylinder leak or any small leak, even one in a large package What is a "large spill" according to the ERG? - correct answer a large leak or spill from a larger container or package a spill from a number of small packages anything from a 1-ton cylinder, tank truck, or railcar

The ERG is divided into _______ colored sections. What are the colors? - correct answer four; yellow, blue, orange, and green What is the yellow section of the ERG? - correct answer More that 4,000 chemicals are found in this section, listed NUMERICALLY by their four-digit UN number/identification (ID) number. Entries include the name of the chemical and the emergency action guide number Use the yellow section when the UN/ID number is known or can be identified What is the blue section of the ERG? - correct answer The same chemicals listed in the yellow section are found here, listed ALPHABETICALLY by name. Entries will include the emergency action guide number and the ID number. What is the orange section of the ERG? - correct answer This section is organized by GUIDE number. The general hazard, fire/explosion hazards, health hazards, and basic emergency actions, based on hazard class, are provided. What is the green section of the ERG? - correct answer This section is organized numerically by UN/ID number; provides INITIAL ISOALTION DISTANCES for certain materials. Chemicals included in this section consist of the chemicals highlighted from the yellow and blue sections. What does the green section of the ERG include? - correct answer - water-reactive materials that produce toxic gases (calcium phosphide and trichlorosilane, for example)

• toxic inhalation hazards (TIH), which are gases or volatile liquids that are extremely toxic to humans
• chemical warfare agents (CWA)
• dangerous water-reactive materials (WRMs) Examples include: anhydrous ammonia, sarin, and sodium cyanide. any material listed in the green section is EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS. Offers recommendations on the size and shape of protective action zones. It's useful whenever it is necessary to protect people from toxic-by-inhalation (TIH) vapors resulting from a release. How is the orange-bordered guides different from the green section of the ERG? - correct answer Orange-bordered guides: relevant to evacuation distances required to

What is DOT class 6? Does it have divisions? - correct answer Toxic substances and infectious substances; 2 divisions 6.1 Toxic substances 6.2 Infectious substances What is DOT class 7? Does it have divisions? - correct answer Radioactive materials; no What is DOT class 8? Does it have divisions? - correct answer Corrosive substances; no What is DOT class 9? Does it have divisions? - correct answer Miscellaneous hazardous materials/products, substances or organisms; no "Dangerous" placard - correct answer indicates that more than one hazard class is contained in the same load What are the four ways that chemical substances can enter the human body? - correct answer 1. Inhalation: through the lungs

2. Absorption: By permeating the skin
3. Ingestion: via the gastrointestinal tract
4. Injection: through cuts or other breaches in the skin What guidance can you use when it comes to rendering medical care to persons exposed to harmful substances? - correct answer NFPA 473: Standard for Competencies for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents Terrorism can take the form of ___________ events, and terrorists use surprise or shock tactics to cause the most destruction possible. - correct answer CBRNE What does CBRNE stand for? - correct answer Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive What does the acronym SIN stand for? - correct answer Safety, Isolate, Notify The lungs are a ____________ point of access to the bloodstream, so they can quickly transfer an airborne substance into the circulatory system and onward to the rest of the body. - correct answer direct The lungs ___________ be decontaminated. - correct answer cannot Fire fighters have ready access to an excellent form of respiratory protection --- namely, the __________ pressure, ____________-circuit self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). - correct answer positive, open

PPE - correct answer Personal Protective Equipment APRs - correct answer Air-purifying respirators OSHA - correct answer Occupational Safety and Health Administration Per OSHA, any work environment containing less than _________ percent oxygen is considered to be oxygen deficient and will require the use of an SCBA or a supplied air respirator. - correct answer 19. The appropriate type of respiratory protection is determined by looking at the ___________ situation, including the nature of the contaminant. - correct answer overall Weaponized anthrax spores typically vary in size from _______ micron to ____ micron.

• correct answer 0.5, 1 Anyone operating in an area contaminated with anthrax should wear __________ or, at a minimum, a full-face APR with P100 filtration (which filters out greater than 99 percent of 0.3-micron or larger particles). - correct answer SCBA Anthrax is a pathogenic microorganism capable of causing an illness (____________). However, it is not _____________. - correct answer infectious, contagious Smallpox can be both ________ and ____________, which is why this pathogen poses such a high risk in the event of an outbreak. - correct answer infectious, contagious _________________ also determines where the inspired contamination will eventually end up. The _________ particles that make up visible mists will be captured in the nose and upper airway, for example, whereas ____________ particles may work their way ________ into the lung. - correct answer Particle size; larger, smaller ___________________________________is one of the most important components of any PPE. - correct answer Respiratory protection The ____________ is the largest organ in the body and is susceptible to the damage inflicted by many substances. - correct answer skin In addition to serving as the body's protective shield against heat, light, and infection, the skin helps _____________ body temperature, ____________ water and fat, and ________ as a sensory center for painful and pleasant stimulation. - correct answer regulate, stores, serves The eyes, _______, ___________, and, to a certain degree, the ___________________ tract are also part of the absorption equation. - correct answer nose, mouth, intestinal

Cryogenic helium has an expansion ratio of approximately ___________. - correct answer 750: