Chapter 5 – Electrons in Atoms Notes Date, Exams of Chemistry

o To determine how many electrons fit into a given ... o Sublevels hold the orbitals and can hold 1, 3, 5, or 7 orbitals. s Sublevel p Sublevel d Sublevel.

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Honors Chemistry Name ________________________
Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms Notes Date _________________________
ATOMIC MODEL
See Atomic Model Timeline worksheet for specifics.
ELECTRONS
Quantum Mechanical (QM) Model- This is the currently accepted model of the atom.
o Erwin Schrödinger wrote an equation which describes _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
These locations are not definite because of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
Each of the following terms gives a more specific description of where an electron probably is.
In Chemistry… In CB South, for example…
o Energy level, n
o Sublevel, l
o Orbital, ml
o Spin, s
Energy Levels, n-
o An electron may NOT be found _____
_______________________________.
o Higher n = higher energy (typically)
o To determine how many electrons fit into a given
energy level, use this formula: _____
o The maximum number of electrons is 32.
o Electrons will occupy the
________________________________ first.
Sublevels (subshells), l-
o Energy levels contain __________________ consisting of ________________ (shapes)
where there is a ________________ probability of finding an __________________.
o Orbitals can hold up to _____________ electrons.
o Sublevels hold the orbitals and can hold 1, 3, 5, or 7 orbitals.
s Sublevel
p Sublevel
d Sublevel
f Sublevel
Shape
Appears
# of Orbitals
Capacity
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8

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Honors Chemistry Name ________________________ Chapter 5 – Electrons in Atoms Notes Date _________________________

ATOMIC MODEL

  • See Atomic Model Timeline worksheet for specifics.

ELECTRONS

  • Quantum Mechanical (QM) Model - This is the currently accepted model of the atom. o Erwin Schrödinger wrote an equation which describes _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. ▪ These locations are not definite because of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
  • Each of the following terms gives a more specific description of where an electron probably is. In Chemistry… In CB South, for example… o Energy level, n o Sublevel, l o Orbital, ml o Spin, s
  • Energy Levels, n - o An electron may NOT be found _____ _______________________________. o Higher n = higher energy (typically) o To determine how many electrons fit into a given energy level, use this formula : _____ o The maximum number of electrons is 32. o Electrons will occupy the ________________________________ first.
  • Sublevels (subshells), l - o Energy levels contain __________________ consisting of ________________ (shapes) where there is a ________________ probability of finding an __________________. o Orbitals can hold up to _____________ electrons. o Sublevels hold the orbitals and can hold 1, 3, 5, or 7 orbitals.

s Sublevel p Sublevel d Sublevel f Sublevel

Shape

Appears

# of Orbitals

Capacity

ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS

  • Writing Electron Configuration NOTES Electron Configuration Shorthand Configuration^ Orbital Notation H He Li Be B C Cl Ti Kr

SHORTHAND NOTATION

  • Steps to write in shorthand electron configuration notation: o 1 st^ – Find the _________________ that is in the row above the element you want o 2 nd^ – Write that noble gas's __________ in [brackets] o 3 rd^ – Then continue with the e–^ configuration starting with the next element ▪ Ex- Scandium: Long: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^1 Shorthand: ▪ Ex- Chlorine: Long: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5 Shorthand:

ELECTRON EXCEPTIONS

  • Write the configuration for the following:

o Cr:

o Cu:

  • What they actually are:

o Cr:

o Cu:

  • Reason – _________________ sublevels are the most _________________.

____________________ sublevels are not as stable as filled, but more stable than others.

ORBITAL NOTATIONS & THE RULES

  • Orbital Notations o Use a ________________ to represent each _____________________. ▪ s orbitals have _________ line ▪ p orbitals have _________ lines ▪ d orbitals have _________ lines ▪ f orbitals have _________ lines o Use up/down arrows to represent _________________________. o Each line can hold a maximum of _____________ electrons. o Example Titanium: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 1 s 2 s 2 p 3 s 3 p 4 s 3 d

FILLING RULES

  • Aufbau Principle - o This is the order we get from “reading” the Periodic Table.
  • Pauli Exclusion Principle - o This is the electron “spin.” Either +½ or – ½
  • Hund’s Rule – o They’d rather spread out.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION PRACTICE

o Sulfur (S) o Cobalt (Co) o Strontium (Sr) o Molybdenum (Mo) o Antimony (Sb) o Chlorine (Cl) o Calcium (Ca) o Chromium (Cr) o Zinc (Zn) o Selenium (Se) o Mercury (Hg) o 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4 o 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 o 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 4p^1

  • Wave Equation

o Formula:

o Speed of light is always:

o Example 1 - If the frequency of radiation for yellow light is 5.10 x 10^14 Hz, what is the wavelength?

o Example 2 - What is the frequency of radiation with a wavelength of 5.00 x 10-^8 m?

  • Electromagnetic Spectrum – a grouping of all waves that travel at the speed of light.

ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTRA

  • Electrons returning from an _________________ energy level emit ______________ of specific

______________________ (specific bands of color).

  • Each element has a ___________________ emission spectra and therefore is a good way to

_______________ an element!

  • Additional transitions exist, but we can’t

see them because our eyes only detect

visible light. These series of transitions

are called Lyman, Balmer and Paschen.

  • Energy – as an _____________ falls from excited states they release a ________________ of

energy that can be calculated using Plank’s constant and the frequency of the transition.

o Formula:

o Example 1 - The energy given off when an electron transfers from energy level 6 to 5 is

2.66 x 10-^20 J. ▪ What is the frequency? ▪ What is the wavelength?

o Example 2 - If the frequency associated with a transition from energy level 2 to 1 is

2.48 x 10^15 , how much energy is released?