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Chapter 9: Human Growth and Development
development - โ๏ธ the pattern of continuity and change that occurs throughout the course of life (growth and decline)
Areas of Developmental Psychology - โ๏ธ Physical Processes Cognitive Processes Socioemotional processes
Physical processes - โ๏ธ growth, skill development, gradual decline
changes in an individual's biological nature
Cognitive processes - โ๏ธ changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language
growth in some areas, decline in some areas with age
Socioemotional processes - โ๏ธ changes in relationships with other people throughout the lifespan
Germinal Period - โ๏ธ earliest development; first 2 weeks
zygote - โ๏ธ The new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm
embryonic period - โ๏ธ weeks 2-
embryo - โ๏ธ Developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs, where organogenesis takes place
fetal period - โ๏ธ week 8- birth
fetus - โ๏ธ an unborn human in the later stages of development
age of viability - โ๏ธ The point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely (currently 22 weeks, rarely survive)
22 weeks is still not good, regular pregnancy is 38 weeks
teratogens - โ๏ธ environmental agents such as drugs, chemicals, or viruses that produce birth defects
factors that effect teratogens - โ๏ธ genetic susceptible dose timing
reflexes - โ๏ธ involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
ex: rooting, sucking, startle, babinski
reflexes disappear by - โ๏ธ 3 months of age, but are replaced by more complex behaviors
rooting - โ๏ธ turning head toward things that touch the cheek
startle (moro) - โ๏ธ occurs in response to sudden noises or movements
Babinski - โ๏ธ toes fan out when bottom of foot is touched
at birth, the brain is ____ of its adult weight - โ๏ธ 25%
by age 2, the brain is ____ of its adult weight - โ๏ธ 75%
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - โ๏ธ understanding changes as a function of age and experiences
4 stages of Piaget's Theory of Cognitive development - โ๏ธ sensorimotor stage preopertational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage
sensorimotor stage - โ๏ธ -birth to 2 years -understanding based on manipulation -understanding based on motor and sensory skills -development of object permanence (~9 months)
object permanence - โ๏ธ Awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight
preoperational stage - โ๏ธ -2-7 years
โ๏ธ Sequence of events to test infant and primary caregiver --. secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent
Secure attachment - โ๏ธ uses mom as home base, upset when mom leaves and happy when she returns
Avoidant attachment - โ๏ธ no observable reaction to mom, but changes show in physiological measures (heart rate increases when mom leaves)
anxious/ambivalent - โ๏ธ Anxiety before separation; ambivalent when Mom returns
Erikson's socioemotional theory - โ๏ธ -trust vs. mistrust -autonomy vs. shame and doubt -initiative vs. guilt -industry vs. inferiority -identity vs. Role confusion -intimacy vs. isolation -generatively vs. stagnation -integrity vs. despair
trust vs. mistrust - โ๏ธ one of erikson's socioemotional theory
-birth to 1.5 years (babies) -infant's basic needs are met by caregiver
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt - โ๏ธ one of erikson's socioemotional theory
-1.5- 3 years (toddlers) -toddlers discover their own will and assert their independence
Initiative vs. Guilt - โ๏ธ one of erikson's socioemotional theory
-3-5 years old (early childhood) -children assume more responsibility and face more challenges
Industry vs. Inferiority - โ๏ธ one of erikson's socioemotional theory
-6-puberty -mastery of knowledge and intellectual skills
Moral development - โ๏ธ Kohlberg theory is that people pass through a 3-level series of stages in the evolution of their moral reasoning
-Third level cannot be reached until about 13 years old because of cognitive limitations -Only a relatively small number of people EVER reach the third stage
3 levels of moral development - โ๏ธ preconventional conventional postcnventional
Preconventional - โ๏ธ morality is judged in terms of rewards and punishments
moral development - โ๏ธ involved changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do
Conventional - โ๏ธ morality means pleasing others; acting as good members of society
Postconventional - โ๏ธ morality can transcend the law; broader principles are applied
cannot be reached before age of 13 due to cognitive limitations
puberty - โ๏ธ the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs -age 9-12 for girls and 10-13.5 for boys -age has deceased over time
Early maturation - โ๏ธ bad for girls, good for boys
late maturation - โ๏ธ bad for everyone
kids feel clumsy, ridiculed, less attractive, lower status, passed up for dates
amygdala - โ๏ธ involved in processing information about emotion
prefrontal cortex - โ๏ธ involved in higher-order cognitive functioning, (ex. decision making)
Adolescent egocentrism - โ๏ธ self-absorption in which a teenager views the world from his or her own point of view
Belief that life experiences are unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else
Identity vs. Role Confusion - โ๏ธ one of erikson's socioemotional theory
-adolescence
integrity vs. despair - โ๏ธ -late adulthood to death -looking back on life well lived, with few regrets
socioemotional development - โ๏ธ marriage midlife crises social environment
social environment - โ๏ธ -Less quantity, more quality relationships -Happiness generally increases with age
prenatal development stages - โ๏ธ germinal period embryonic period fetal period
resilience - โ๏ธ a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times
authoritative - โ๏ธ place limits encourages independence
best outcome
puberty - โ๏ธ rapid skeletal maturation rapid sexual maturation hormonal changes
adolescent egocentrism - โ๏ธ a state of absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view
assimilation - โ๏ธ occurs when individuals incorporates new information into existing knowledge
accommodation - โ๏ธ occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to new information
temperament - โ๏ธ an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
longitudinal study - โ๏ธ studying the same participants and over time
androgens - โ๏ธ main class of male sex hormones
formal operational stage of development - โ๏ธ systematic conclusion of the best path to follow generation of hypotheses
hot flashes - โ๏ธ estrogen decline in women can cause such symptoms
Harry Harlow's Classic study with baby monkeys - โ๏ธ demonstrated a preference for warmth and nestling contact comfort
memory in late adulthood - โ๏ธ older adults take longer to retrieve info about the world but often can remember it and they tend to do more poorly than younger adults in most aspects of memory
later experiences - โ๏ธ belief that real developmental changes occur throughout the lifespan
estrogens - โ๏ธ main class of female sex hormones
peak range of intellectual skills in - โ๏ธ middle adulthood
John Bowlby - โ๏ธ theorized that the infant and the mother instinctively form an attachment -first year provides an important foundation for later development
in word recognition tasking, younger adults process info in the - โ๏ธ left hemisphere
adults use both hemisphere
cohort effects - โ๏ธ differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical and social time period in which they were born and developed
hormonal stress theory - โ๏ธ third theory of aging
argues that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
focused on the role of chronic stress in reducing immune system functioning
cross-sectional studies - โ๏ธ a number of people of different ages are assessed at one point in time, and differences are noted
