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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Study Language is something that very important and can not be separated from the human life. Language is used by people to communication with each other, their thouhgt, feeling and idea. Communication can be build if there is an understanding between speaker and hearer. with language we can deliver our feelings, idea, emotion and also our mind. In the other word it show us that language is really important in doing all kind of activities. Karo tribes also have their own local language which is using karo language, and has a typical greeting, namely Mejuah-juah. The Karo tribe has a clan or is called Merga in karo language. The clan ( Merga ) in the Karo tribe consists of five groups of clans called (Marga si lima) : Ginting, Karo-Karo, Tarigan, Sembiring and Perangin-angin. These Marga Silima have the prohibition of clan, among the same clan ( Merga ) are not allowed to do marriage because they are one family and have a common ancestor. While the Karo tribe also have traditional clothing is dominated by red and black colors and is full of gold jewelry. This traditional dress can be used by the bride in a wedding ceremony. Before holding a traditional wedding event in Karo, its also used a engangement event which is usually held a month before the wedding cermony takes place. The is called MBS (Mbaba Belo Selambar).
Ginting (2017) Mbaba Belo Selambar is one of the rituals marriage of girls.. Mbaba Belo Selambar which means '' bringing a piece of betel leaf '' is one of the rituals before the Karo ethnic marriage. This ritual is carried out by both women and men. In the Karo tribe, the wedding ritual begins with a period of specialization. In this ritual, the role of men is more dominant than women. This ceremony is carried out by a family of men. This specialization is done to ask about the willingness of the girl and her family. This period in Karo called Mbaba Belo Selambar The purpose is to get the willingness of girl, parents, sembuyak, Anak Beru, Kalimbubu Singalo Bere-bere and kalimbubu Singalo perkempun on the proposal. Initially the event Mbaba Belo Selambar is done at night after finished eating. However, nowadays events are sometimes held at noon or afternoon, which begins or end by eating together. This article looks for meaning not according to the writer, but the meaning in accordance with what is expressed by the speakers.. The research method used is descriptive analysis method, where will be made a systematic and accurate description of the data under study. Descriptive method was chosen because of research done to see clearly about the object under study naturally. Mbaba Belo Selambar begins with the submission of the kampil persentabin by the men (applicants). a man must prepare the six piece. The contents of kampil are cigarettes and betel tableware. The five skills provided by the men were handed over to the women. One other skill was given to Kalimbubu Singalo Ulu Emas. Mbaba Belo Selambar can be said to be completed if there has been an agreement and willingness from the female side to the application given by the man. Then, in this rite, it is done continuously.
- To find out the most dominant type of figurative language found used in Carel and Febrina’s Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony? 1.4 The Scope of the Study This study will focus on analyzing the Figurative Language use Theory of X.J.Kennedy, 1979 According to Kennedy Figurative language is divided into eight types, they are : Metaphore, Irony, Simile, Personification, Hyperbole, Allusion, Metonymy and Symbol. The writer will do this reaserch focus to identify types and to found the dominant types of Figurative Language used in Carel and Febrina’s Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony in Kabanajahe desa Batu Karang. 1.5 The Significances of the Study The results of this study are expected to be beneficial both theoretically and practically elaborated in the following section. 1.Theoretically The research is expected to increase the readers knowledge and which concern about types and the dominantly of Figurative Language. The results of this study also expected to provide information for the new generation in karo culture, especially in the Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony
- Practically As a reference for other researchers who use Figurative Langue theory to analyzing. The finding are also expected to be contributed not only for Faculty of Language and Art specialy in English Literaure but also to every person in order to increase their knowledge about culure and study of figurative languge used in
Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony. The writer also expected this reasearch will help people who want to do new reasearch about Figurtive Languge. CHAPTER II THEORYTICAL FRAMEWORK A Theoritical Framework is a device by which a scientific understanding may be based on a subtopic and concepts involved in this project are to elaborate first to give preliminary understanding to work.
2. 1 Semantics Semantics means the meaning and interpretation of words, signs, and sentence structure. Semantics largely determine our reading comprehension, how we understand others, and even what decisions we make as a result of our interpretations. Semantics can also refer to the branch of study within linguistics that deals with language and how we understand meaning. This has been a particularly interesting field for philosophers as they debate the essence of meaning, how we build meaning, how we share meaning with others, and how meaning changes over time According to Saeed (2003:3) Semantics is the study of meaning of the words in language, Semantics is the sudy of communicated throught languge, this is the study of meaning in language, semantics is the tecnical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of languge, Semantics is part of linguistics. Semantics is part of the large study os signs, semiotics, it is the part that
obvious that language plays a paramount role in developing, elaborating and transmitting culture and enabling us to store meanings and experience to facilitate communication. Each culture has its own peculiarities and throws special influences on language systems. Language is a key component of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture, it reflects culture Figurative language is closely related with meaning, and the study of linguistic that learns about meaning is semantics. Kate Kearns (2011:1) in her book says “Semantics deals with the literal meaning of words and the meaning of the way they are combined, which taken together from the core of meaning, or the starting point from which the whole meaning of a particular utterance is constructed.” The same definition of semantics comes from James R. Hurford, Brendan Heasley, and Michael B. Smith (2007:1) in their book that more simply defines “Semantics is the study of meaning in language.” Mark Liberman (2015: 1) in his online course says that “Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences.” Those three definitions of semantics that comes from different people share the same thing that semantics is the study of meaning in language. Figurative language is any figure of speech which depends on a non-literal meaning of some or all of the words used. There are many types of figurative language, including literary devices such as simile, irony, metaphor personification and many pun examples, to name just a few. The definition of figurative language is opposite to that of literal language, which involves only the “proper” or
dictionary definitions of words. Figurative language usually requires the reader or listener to understand some extra nuances, context, allusions, etc. in order to understand the second meaning. However, figurative language is such a common part of regular speech that adult native speakers of a language can just as easily interpret figurative language as literal language. 2.3 Theory of Figurative Language According to X. J. Kennedy (19 79 ) Figurative Language is language that uses figurative of speech. A figurative of speech is a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the world. Figure of speech may be said occur whenever a speaker or writer, fo the sake of freshness or emphasisi, depart from usual denotation of word. According to Kennedy Figurative language is divided into seven types, they are : Metaphore, Simile, Personification, Hyperbole, Allusion, Metonymy, Irony and Symbol. 2.3.1 Metaphore Kennedy (1979:490) Metaphor is a statement that one thing is something else, which in a literal sense, it is not. It does not use connective words such as like or as. It means that metaphor only makes sense when the similarities between the two things become apparent or someone understands the connection. Metaphor is variety of analogy which compare two things directly, but in short pattern. It means that between subject and object have same attributes, and writer uses it to compares it to another. For example: _1) He has a heart of stone.
- “Oh, my love is red, red rose_
other words, when the attributions of human feelings or characteristics are given to abstractions or to inanimate objects, it can be called as a personification (Sylvan Barnet, 1963:335). Personification is used to help the authors describe a condition or something more vividly. Through personification, the reader can more easily grasp what the authors want to tell due to the fact that personification expresses the way human perspective works and can figure it out more clearly. One more thing, using personification correctly can make all the written literary works, especially novel, more interesting.. The personification can show the readers how rich the meaning of a word actually has more than the readers could have ever imagined.
2. 3. 4 Hyperbole (Overstatement) Kennedy (19 79 :496) affirms hyperbole is emphasizing a point with statement containing exaggeration. It can be ridiculous or funny. Hyperboles can be added to fiction to add colour and depth to a character. Hyperbole is figure of speech that it is intentional exaggeration or overstating, often for emphasis or vivid descriptive. Hyperboles can be added to fiction to add colour and depth to a character. For example: _1) I had to walk 15 miles to school in the snow, uphill.
- He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all._ The meaning of the first sentence is he walks to school in the snow it make like walk so far like 15 miles away. The second statement describe that he ate so much because very hungry. The statement above is expression of over-statement. 2. 3. 5 Allusion
Allusion is figurative language that show indirectly forwards a person or even that people have known together (Kennedy 1979) For example: Many victims caused Nazi was a military organization that was leaded by Adolf Hitler, this organization was known as cruel organization, it members might be killed all by the enemies and did not pay attention toward its enemies women, children, old people, all were killed by them. 2.3.6 Metonymy According to Kennedy (1978:57), metonymy is the use of something closely related for the thing actually meant. It is figure of speech which the name of one object is replaced by another which is closely associated with it. For example: _1) Somebody wants your love so open the door.
- The pen is mightier than the sword._ The meaning of the first sentence is someone falling in love and asking girl for accepting his love. The second example describe not only sword, weapon, knife that can hurt of someone else, but pen can hurt other as sharp as sword. Both sentences is closely related to the thing actually meant. Patrick Griffiths states “Traditional accounts of metonymy define it in terms of a person or object being referred to using as the vehicle a word whose literal denotations is somehow pertinently related.” Kennedy defines it as “the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.” Or it can also be stated that in metonymy, a type of metaphor, something is named by replacing with
2) Your house is very beautiful because there are so many things on the floor The meaning of the first example is the employee come too late at the meeting. The meaning of the second statement is the house is very dirty because there are many things in everywhere. The statement above is a contrast between what happens and what has been expected to happen. 2.5 Previous Research Before doing this research, there have been some researchers who did related research. They researched about Semiotics Meaning, similar to what the researcher described in this research, they are as follow : Tampubolon, Marlina (2017) with the title “ Figurative Language in the Toba batak Saur Matua Ceremony” There were 7 out of 10 kinds of figures of speech were found in the umpasa of Toba Batak saur matua ceremony in Rantau Prapat I, Tarutung, and Rantau Prapat II which were metaphor, simile, personification, allegory, overstatement/hyperbole, symbol and irony. And the most dominant figure of speech in Toba Batak saur matua ceremony in Rantau Prapat I (Lobusona), Tarutung and Rantau Prapat II (Tarutung) was simile Anggraini, Natalia “Figurative language in monolog text of sungkeman (evoking for blessing) script, the tradition of sundanese wedding ceremon” there
are figurative languge in monology of sungkeman namely : metaphore, simile and hyperbole. Nurdiana, Nana (2015) “ An Analysis of Figurative Language in katty Perry’s song” From the analysis, there were nine types of figurative languages were foun in personification, metaphor, simile, hyperbole, allusion, repetition. Magdalena (2018) “ An Analysis of Figurative Langauge in the novel there you’ll find by Jenny B. Jone” The total figurative language the researcher found in the novel is 479. They contain all of kinds of The figurative languages are found in the Novel there you’ll find metaphor simile personification , (hyperbole) , metonymy , synecdoche , transferred epithet , paradox , and pun. 2.6 Conceptual Framework Figurative Language Theory of Figurative Language SEMANTICS According to X.J. Kennedy (1997)
Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony. The writer work throught from reference or article to doing this researsh to support this topic. Here the object of writer is Mbaba Belo Selamabar Ceremony. 3.2 The Sources of Data The data resources was taken from Casette or video recording conversations in Mbaba Belo Selambar cermony Karo culture. And this data will be taken from video that writer found in casettes. 3.3 The Technique of Collecting The Data The technique of collecting the data will be conduted by geting information which is needed to support the goals of research. The writer will take the data by usingthe following procedures :
- Taking the data from Casette or video recording in Mbaba Belo Selambar cermony
- Transcribing the data from Casette or video recording in Mbaba Belo Selambar cermony 3.4 The Technique for Analyzing the Data In analyzing the data, the writer uses these following step
- Taking the Documents from Casette or video recording of Mbaba Belo Selambar ceremony in Karo Culture.
- Watching the Video or listening recording in Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony
- Translating the meaning of Conversations in Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony into English.
- Classifying the types of Figurative Language as found in Mbaba Belo Selambar Ceremony.
- Finding out the dominant types of Figurative Language as found in Mbaba Belo Selembar ceremony
- Disscusing the result and making Conclusion
