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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study The Scarlet Letter is a famous literary work. This novel was made in mid of nineteenth century which was published by Ticknor and Field at 1850. It consists of 232 pages which are divided into 24 chapters. The author of the Scarlet Letter is Nathaniel Hawthorne who is one of famous authors in America. There is story about The Custom
- House as his experience on pre – story of the Scarlet Letter. The author, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote his experience in the mid of his age. This novel tells a romance in the puritan society. It discusses human’s relationship of Puritan life in the Puritan society. The novel has a symbol of scarlet letter. The shape of scarlet letter is “A”. It means adultery. Furthermore, the symbol of “A” tells about sin of human who broke Puritan’s rule. This novel has published in many languages. The writer uses the Scarlet Letter which was published by Oxford University Press at 2007. Actually, Oxford University Press had published its novel into two editions. First published was paperback as Oxford World’s Classic in 1990. The second published was arranged by Brian Harding in 1990 at Chronology and Explanatory Notes; Cindy
Weinstein in 2007 at Introduction and Select Bibliography; and Text of The Scarlet Letter by Ohio State University Press in 1962. The second edition was published in the United State in 2007. Nathaniel Hawthorne is a famous writer in America. He was born at July, 4 th^1804 in Salem, Massachusets. His father, Hathorne as sea captain was dead when Nathaniel was four years old by yellow fever in Suriname. Nathaniel lives with his mother, Elizabeth Clarke Manning. He had education in Bowdoin College. After his graduation from Bowdoin, he worked as a writer for some magazine. His first novel is Fanshawe in 1828. He also had collection of stories which had been collected in Twice Told Tale in 1837. He had ever worked at the Custom – House as an editor in America Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. His love life was greater after met with Sophia Peabody and then married with her on July 9, 1842. After their marriage, they have three children. They are Una as daughter who was born on March 3, 1844; Julian as son who was born in 1846; and last child, Rose who was born in 1851. Nathaniel had retired from the Custom – House in 1846 and wrote The Scarlet Letter again in mid of March 1850. His life was spent out for writing. Nathaniel was very productive writer by writing short stories collection such as the House of Seven Gables ; a Wonder – Book for Girls and Boys ; the Blithedale Romance (1852); Tangledwood Tales (1853). The other short stories which written by Nathaniel are Roger
Hester’s prison punishment was ended, but she would wear the scarlet letter “A” along her life. Furthermore, the society looked at Hester and her baby Pearl differently. They lived without friends or people who care to them. Their life was isolated by society. Pearl had growth as smart child. On the other side, Arthur’s health was decline. Roger had to serve medical treatment for him. Roger had much time which spent out for Arthur. This matter made new hypothesis about Arthur Dimmesdale. He assumed that Arthur was Pearl’s father. Furthermore, Arthur was a saint personage on the New England society. Roger felt enough evidence for killing him as slowly as possible by pressed his psychic. One day, Hester decided to reveal the identity of Roger Chillingworth to Arthur. She told to Arthur that Roger was her former husband. Arthur was very surprised. Suddenly, he was panic after hearing the news. Therefore, a priest fell into deep soul. He was really under pressured. Although, a clergyman did not wear the scarlet letter on his bosom, he had put the scarlet letter on his heart. He seldom put his hand over his heart. When the New England holiday was holding on the town, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale made unpredictable action to the spectator of town. He cried Hester and Pearl to come at the scaffold. In the intensity of the heat of the sun, Arthur revealed the secret which was hidden to society along seven years ago. He revealed the scarlet letter which stuck on his heart. The spectator of town had
murmured about his sin revelation. Finally, he had expired breath after the great and strong statement which uttered from his lip to society. The readers have many responses after reading The Scarlet Letter. This novel developed reader’s knowledge and vision towards this book. Some people argued that The Scarlet Letter is a good book. Leight T. Moore likes The Scarlet Letter ’s major character. She very likes Hester Prynne as major character. Furthermore, Leight tent to praise Hester. Leight assumed that Hester is smart brave woman, although Hester was punished by her society about her sin. Leight stated that “it’s a good book. I recommend picking it up sometime” (http://leightmoore.blogspot.com/2011/05/hs-rereading-review- scarlet-letter.html). There is Dan Moipurgo who likes The Scarlet Letter because its story which seems real happened. Moreover, the core of this story made satisfaction for him (www.associatedcontent .com/article/567627/the_scarlet_letter_a_book_review.html?cat=38). On other side Gautamic Typathy likes Hawthorne’s writing in this novel. She stated that “Hawthorne’s writing is refreshing and real” (http://books.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articled= 76). Although a lot of people said that this novel is good, some people gave negative responses. According to Dr. George Bailey Loring said that “it is not pleasant matter to contemplate what is called the guilt of this woman; but it may be instructive, nevertheless”.
Third, plot of The Scarlet Letter is interesting too. Hawthorne divides the story into 24 chapters. Each chapter provides the rule of story in its part. The author wrote the novel greatly by described plot clearly. Each part of the title tells story clearly. Plot of The Scarlet Letter is arranged systematically. It helps understanding of the story clearly. The reader gets clue of this story by the plot. Fourth, Style of Hawthorne’s writing is cool. He brings the readers into the story by fantastic words. His writing will be very length sentence to describe what it is. However, the readers amaze Hawthorne’s writing. The readers can explore the words series of the Scarlet Letter. Fifth, the theme of novel is religious. The theme of its novel talks about sin. Sin is a part of the individual life. It is a part of human’s instinct. Sometimes, they break law for human instinct. The Scarlet Letter talks about the sin where a human has deep punishment complexly by the society. The theme relates to the social value on the society. It explains the relationship between religious and social value. This relationship is guidance of their life. The last is Puritanism value which is applied on the Scarlet Letter. This story was based on the sect of Christian society. This society purified their church and rule. Puritanism appeared in sixteenth century in English. The story is interesting because it elevates puritan value. There is saint personage of Puritan society who
breaks the role of Puritan. The most attention of this novel is the Puritanism value which contains in the New England society. Based on the previous reason the writer will observe The Scarlet Letter by analysis the Puritanism value by using sociological theory by Swingewood and Laurenson. So the writer constructs the title PURITANISM VALUES of THE NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY REFLECTED in NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE’S THE SCARLET LETTER (1850): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH.
B. Literature Review
The writer found another research using novel the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne in Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta’s library. The first is Ika Ambarsari (2010) which entitled her research “Against the Dominant Ideology in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s the Scarlet Letter: A Marxist Approach “. In her research, she describes Hester’s struggle against the dominant Ideology to get her freedom and right from the pain of punishment and the authority of oppressor in Government. Second by Apriliana Dewi Saptarini (2011) which entitled her research “ Unfavorable Effect of Mental Stress in Arthur Dimmesdale’s Role as A Priest in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Novel the Scarlet Letter (1986): A Psychoanalytic Approach “. She emphasized
C. Problem Statement The problem of this research is how Puritanism values are reflected in Hawthorne’s the Scarlet Letter.
D. Limitation of the Study The writer focuses this research in analyzing Puritan values which reflected in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter based on sociological approach by Alan Swingewood and Laurenson.
E. Objective of the Study The objectives of the study are as follow:
- To analyze the structural elements of the novel.
- To describe the Puritan values which reflected in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter based on a sociological approach.
F. The Benefit of the Study The benefits of this study are:
- Theoretical Benefit This study is hoped to give new contribution and knowledge especially on The Scarlet Letter novel.
- Practical Benefit This study is hoped to enrich knowledge and experience of the writer.
G. Research Method
- Object of the Study The object of its study is the Scarlet Letter novel which is written by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
- Type of the Data and Data Source The type of this data is text which is formed narrative of the story towards the core of the problem. Their types of data are divided into two types, namely primary and secondary data, they are: a. Primary Data is taken from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. b. Secondary data source are taken from another data which have related with the research including books, article, and internets.
- Technique of Data Collection The writer will collect the data by taking note from the primary and secondary resource.
- Technique of the Data Analysis This research uses descriptive analysis which it will describe the phenomenon that occurred in this research by available resource. The analysis is started from the structural analysis of the study to the sociological analysis of the literary work.
