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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter discusses theoretical review of the study based on expert’s opinion. The theoretical review is about definition of linguistic, definition of figurative language, and definition of poem. Each of the detail sub chapter is going to be elaborated or discussed specifically underlying the statements of the expert.
2.1. Definition of Linguistic
Linguistic as in common understanding the study of the structure, development, etc. A particular language and its relationship to other language. Words are arranged in a certain order, and sometimes the beginnings and endings of the words are changed to adjust the meaning. Then the meaning itself can be affected by the arrangement of words and by the knowledge of the writer about what the reader will understand. Linguistics is the study of all of this
Brumfit in (Cavallaro, Francesco. Milde, Andrea. Sercombe, 2009, p. 84) stated that “Quoted definition of applied linguistics as “the theoretical and empirical investigation of real world problems in which language is the central issue” are of importance to all in the field”. The statement above describes that linguistic could be having the closest relationship with the existence of a language.
Andre Martinet in (Scholz, Barbara C. and Pelletier, Francis Jeffry and Pullum, 2016, p. 78) stated that "One of the basic assumptions of structuralist approaches to linguistics is that “nothing may be called ‘linguistic’ that is not manifest or manifested one way or another between the mouth of the speaker and the
ears of the listener”. That means, it has the actualization of the language use. It also links to sense of both hearing and the speaking as the fundamental understanding.
Stated by Perrine and Thomas in (Syafitri, Dewi and Marlinton, 2018, p. 44) “Figurative language is a persuasive language. It is another way of adding an extra dimension to language, which can attract the readers attention”. It means, figurative language can make readers feel interested in this, such as when the readers read a poem.
According to Chomsky in (Scholz, Barbara C. and Pelletier, Francis Jeffry and Pullum, 2016, p. 12)
“The study of meaning and reference and of the use of language should be excluded from the field of linguistics. Given a linguistic theory, the concepts of grammar are constructed (so it means) on the basis of primitive notions that are not semantic (where the grammar contains the phonology and syntax), but that the linguistic theory itself must be chosen so as to providethe best possible explanation of semantic phenomena, as well as others”. The statement above explains that linguistic can not said that it is linguistic, must be in accordance with existing theories and structures.
From all the theories above, the writer can conclude that linguistic is the study of language which reviews the ins and outs of language. Linguistic also includes knowledge of all aspects of language that are used as communication tools by humans.
2.2. Definition of Figurative Language
Figurative language uses figures of speech to be more effective, persuasive and impactful. Figures of speech such as metaphors, similes, and allusions go beyond
Based on Dale in (Tarigan, 2013, p. 9) “Figurative language is a form of language used by the writer or speaker to convey something else other than literal meaning”. It means that, figurative language is like the different or unique way to convey or deliver the exact meaning to the interlocutor.
From all theories above, the writer concludes that figurative language is language that used to transfer or to express a message or meaning. Therefore, the meaning in figurative language does not fully reflect in the words that composes it.
2.2.1. Types of Figurative Language
As claimed by Abrams in (Syafitri, Dewi and Marlinton, 2018, p. 46-48) stated that there are some types of figurative language, as follows:
- Personification Personification is a kind of figurative expressions in which an animate object given a human quality. The word personification derives from Latin words: “ persona‟ means person, actor, or mask used I the theatre and “fix‟ means to make inanimate object or an abstract concept is spoken of as though it were endowed. According to Abrams (1999:99) “Personification, in which either an with life or with human attributes or feelings”.
- Simile Simile is a kind of figurative meaning comparing two essentially unlike things. Simile expresses a direct comparison between things, which have one or more points in common and be recognized by the use of the word like‘ and as‘. As stated by Abrams (1999:97), ―in a simile, a comparison between two distinctly different things is explicitly indicated by the word like‘ or as‘.
- Metaphor The word metaphor comes from Greek; it means to carry over. In a metaphor, aword or expression that in literal usage denotes one kind of thing is applied to a distinctly different kind of thing, without asserting a comparison (Abrams, 1999:97).
- Hyperbole According to Abrams (1999:120) “Hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility.
- Irony According to Abrams (1999:135), In most of the modern critical uses of the term ‘irony‘ there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve special rhetorical or artistic effects. Irony is a way of speaking or writing by saying something while themeaning is another. It refers to a situation in which reality differs from appearance. It occurs in sentence or words when they imply contrast or opposite meaning.
- Paradox A paradox is often used to make a reader think over an idea in innovative way.As stated by Abrams (1999:201), A paradox is a statement which seems on its face to be logically contradictory or absurd, yet turns out to be interpretable in a way that makes good sense.
- Metonymy Metonymy is a change of name, the use of the one word for another, theuse of anidea by means of terms involving association. As stated by Abrams (1999: 98), “metonymy (Greek for "a change of name") is the literal term for one thing is applied to another with which it has become closely associated because of a recurrent relationship in common experience.
- Symbolism Symbolism is applied only to a word or phrase that signifies an object or event which in its turn signifies something, or has a range of reference, beyond itself (Abrams, 1999:311). From theories above, it means figurative language has 8 types such as personification, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, irony, paradox, metonymy, and symbolism.
According to Merriam-Webster’s encyclopedia of Literatuure in (Dinillah Harya, 2016, p. 48) figurative language or figures of speech can be classified into five categories, such as:
- Figures of resemblance on relationship (e.g. simile, metaphor, kenning, conceit, parallelism, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, and euphenism).
of writing that expresses the writer’s thought and feelings in order to set a mood, it can be happy or sad, simple or complex. A poem can either be rhyming or non- rhyming. It uses symbols and has lines and stanzas that have sentences, fragments of sentences or both. It uses metaphor and alliteration, especially in poems for children.
Based on Knickerbockers and Williard in (Syafitri, Dewi and Marlinton, 2018, p. 44) “Poem is the fusion of sound and sense or a melting together of sound and sense”. It means that poem is not about writing, but poem also used the sense to produce a good poem.
Padni in (Syafitri, Dewi and Marlinton, 2018, p. 44) stated that “The idea and message of a poem sometimes difficult to understood by the people”. From statement above, the writer can conclude that the meaning of a poem sometimes cannot be understood by others because everybody has different mindset; it has wide variant of mindsets.
According to E-jurnal.com “Sajak itu ditulis untuk mencari kebenaran, dan dalam sajak terdapat tanggapan terhadap hidup secara batiniah”. (The poem was written to seek the truth, and in poem there was an inward response to life). It means that, in poem there are several purposes intended for human life.
Stated by Pradopo in (Suryaman, 2013, p. 17) “Puisi itu merupakan emosi, imajinasi, pemikiran, ide, nada, irama, kesan pancaindera, susunan kata, kata-kata kiasan, kepadatan, dan perasaan yang bercampur-baur”. (Poem is emotion, imagination, thought, idea, tone, rhythm, sensory impression, word order, figurative words, density, and mixed feelings). It can be concluded that poem is a combination of various aspects combined into one.
From all theories above the writer simplifies that poem is a creation of authors who aim to provide life lessons not only as entertainment and also contain various aspects.
