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Personality
Psychology
Psychology 370
Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Northridge
CHAPTER
TWO
Freud:
Classical
Psychoanalysis
Class Activity
Answer Freudian Principle
Statements based on WHAT Freud
would consider true.
Review Answers with Class
Continue Lecture / Discussion
Chapter Overview
ļ§ The Unconscious ļ§ Psychic Determinism ļ§ Levels of Consciousness ļ§ Effects of Unconscious Motivation ļ§ Origin and Nature of the Unconscious ļ§ Structures of the Personality ļ§ The Id ļ§ The Ego ļ§ The Superego ļ§ Intrapsychic Conflict ļ§ Energy Hypothesis ļ§ Anxiety ļ§ Defense Mechanisms ļ§ Sublimation ļ§ Empirical Studies of Defenses
Chapter Overview Cont.
ļ§ Personality Development
ļ§ The Five Psychosexual Stages
ļ§ Psychoanalytic Treatment
ļ§ Psychoanalytic Therapy Techniques ļ§ The Recovered Memory Controversy
ļ§ Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
ļ§ Silverman's Experiments ļ§ Unconscious Cognition ļ§ Unconscious Influences and the Body
āIn Confession the sinner tells what he knows; in
analysis the neurotic has to tell more.ā
(Sigmund Freud, The question of Lay Analysis)
"An ego thus educated has become reasonable; it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure principle, but obeys the reality principle, which also at bottom seeks to obtain pleasure, but pleasure which is assured through taking account of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed and diminished" (Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures 16.357).
QUOTATIONS
Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ļ± The āfather of psychoanalysisā ļ± Born (1856) in Freiberg, Moravia into a Jewish family ļ± Moved at the age of 4 to Vienna ļ± Medical school, University of Vienna ļ± Published in 1900, Interpretation of Dreams ļ± Visits the US for two weeks in 1909 ļ± Leaves Vienna in 1938 due to Nazi aggression ļ± Dies in London in 1939 The Unconscious
ļ¼ The Unconscious
ļ¼Psychic Determinism ļ¼Levels of Consciousness ļ¼Effects of Unconscious Motivation ļ¼Origin and Nature of the Unconscious Psychic Determinism
- proposes that underlying psychological factors
cause symptoms and other behavior
- includes (for example) the impact of traumatic
events as causes of psychopathology
Psychic Determinism
Freudās theory and its
application in therapy
ļ¼ the theory described in this
chapter, which investigates
(analyzes) the unconscious
ļ¼ form of therapy that involves
exploration of the unconscious
Psychoanalysis: Examples:
Freudās Stages of Psychosexual Development ID
Id uses two basic techniques to reduce
tension:
ļ Reflex Action and Primary Process
At most primitive level, Id works by Reflex
Action
ļ I.e., Reacts automatically to in/external irritants (E.g., sneezing, blinking, coughing, etc)
If needed object not immediately available, Id
forms mental image of it
ļ Primary process imagery production aimed at gratification ļ Wish Fulfillment when infantās image of desired object (e.g., food) can (temporarily) fulfill desire EGO
Das Ich "the I"
Emerges during first 6 months
Rational Self
Governed by reality principle
ļPostpones discharge of energy until
appropriate situation or object in real world
appears
Secondary process :
ļreality based problem solving
ļI.e., creates a strategy for obtaining actual
object or situation
SUPEREGO
Das Uberich "the over-I"
Emerges age 4
Strives for the ideal rather than the real
Governed by Moral / Idealistic Principle
Functions divided into two spheres:
ļ Conscience fosters morally right behavior by inhibiting impulses for pleasure and by persuading ego to attend to moral concerns ļ Ego ideal promotes idealistic/perfectionistic goals
Develops through incorporation
ļ taking in of parents' values; defensive identification child internalizes moral values of same-sex parent INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICT
ļ§ Energy Hypothesis
ļ§ Anxiety
ļ§ Defense Mechanisms
ļ§ Sublimation
ļ§ Empirical Studies of Defenses
Energy Hypothesis
Repression requires energy, and
the more energy tied up in the
conflict, the less energy is
available for dealing with
current reality
anxiety
ļ neurotic anxiety
ļ moral anxiety
ļ reality anxiety
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Defense mechanisms operate unconsciously
to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety
Unconscious ego processes that keep
disturbing, unconscious thoughts from being
expressed directly
An absolute necessity since conscious
awareness of all of our myriad conflicting
motives & impulses would be overwhelming
Defense mechanisms operate in combination to
protect ego from neurotic & moral anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
ļ§ Denial ļ§ not acknowledging painful aspects of reality ļ§ Projection ļ§ people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others ļ§ Defensive Identification ļ taking on others' characteristics to reduce one's anxiety or negative emotions ļ§ Projective Identification ļ rejecting threatening features of self and projecting them onto another ļ§ Displacement ļ§ shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person Defense Mechanisms ļ§ Regression ļ§ Engaging in behavior associated w/pleasure of an earlier developmental period ļ§ Reaction Formation ļ§ the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites ļ§ Undoing ļ making symbolic retribution for an unacceptable impulse/act ļ§ Rationalization ļ§ offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for oneās actions ļ§ Repression ļ Most fundamental defense mechanism ļ Actively excluding threatening thoughts from consciousness sublimation
Finding a socially acceptable aim
and object for the expression of
an unacceptable impulse
May be expressed in:
art Occupation Empirical Studies of Defenses
ļ§ projective tests
ļ§ Rorschach inkblot test ļ§ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
ļ§ self-report measures
ļ§ Defense Mechanism Inventory
GENITAL STAGE
ļ Puberty
ļ Focus on sexuality
ļ Genital character
ļvanity;
appearance;
attention
PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT
ļ¼ love and work ļ¼ "Where id was, there shall ego be." ļ¼ free association ļ¼ catharsis ļ¼ insight ļ¼ transference ļ¼ Countertransference ļ¼ Recovered memory controversy Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
ļ¼ low reliability of projective
tests
ļ¼ validation through the
psychoanalytic method
ļ¼ effectiveness of therapy
ļ¼ process of therapy (insight not
necessary)
Silverman's studies
ļ¶ subliminal psychodynamic
activation
ļ¶ "Mommy and I are one"
ļ¶ "Beating Daddy is OK"
Unconscious Cognition
ļ§ Alternative
explanations for the
unconscious
ļ§ Cognitive approaches
Unconscious Influences and the Body Neurological Basis for Freudian Theory
CONCLUSION BASIC ASSUMTIONS:
ļThe major causes of behavior have their
origin in the unconscious.
ļPsychic determinism: all behavior has a
cause/reason.
ļBehavior is motivated by instinctual
drives.
ļDifferent parts of the unconscious mind
are in constant struggle.
ļPersonality is shaped as the drives are
modified by different conflicts at different
stages of one's life.
The Unconscious Structures of the Personality Intrapsychic Conflict Personality Development Psychoanalytic Treatment Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
