C++ Programming: Understanding Data Types and Input/Output Operations, Essays (high school) of Computer science

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C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to

Program Design, Fifth Edition

Chapter 2: Basic Elements of C++

Introduction

• (^) Computer program
  • (^) Sequence of statements whose objective is to accomplish a task
• (^) Programming
  • (^) Process of planning and creating a program

The Basics of a C++ Program

• (^) Function: collection of statements; when executed, accomplishes something - (^) May be predefined or standard
• (^) Syntax: rules that specify which statements (instructions) are legal
• (^) Programming language: a set of rules, symbols, and special words
• (^) Semantic rule: meaning of the instruction

Comments

• (^) Comments are for the reader, not the compiler
• (^) Two types:
  • (^) Single line // This is a C++ program. It prints the sentence: // Welcome to C++ Programming.
  • (^) Multiple line /* You can include comments that can occupy several lines. */

Reserved Words (Keywords)

• (^) Reserved words, keywords, or word symbols - (^) Include: - (^) int - (^) float - (^) double - (^) char - (^) const - (^) void - (^) return

Identifiers

• (^) Consist of letters, digits, and the underscore character (_)
• (^) Must begin with a letter or underscore
• (^) C++ is case sensitive
  • (^) NUMBER is not the same as number
• (^) Two predefined identifiers are cout and cin
• (^) Unlike reserved words, predefined identifiers may be redefined, but it is not a good idea

Whitespaces

• (^) Every C++ program contains whitespaces
  • (^) Include blanks, tabs, and newline characters
• (^) Used to separate special symbols, reserved words, and identifiers
• (^) Proper utilization of whitespaces is important - (^) Can be used to make the program readable

Data Types

• (^) Data type: set of values together with a set of operations
• (^) C++ data types fall into three categories:

Simple Data Types (cont'd.)

• (^) Integral data types are further classified into nine categories: - (^) char, short, int, long, bool - (^) unsigned char, unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long

Simple Data Types (cont'd.)

• (^) Different compilers may allow different ranges of values

bool Data Type

• (^) bool type
  • (^) Two values: true and false
  • (^) Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions
• (^) true and false
  • (^) Logical values
• (^) bool, true, and false
  • (^) Reserved words

char Data Type

• (^) The smallest integral data type
• (^) Used for characters: letters, digits, and special symbols
• (^) Each character is enclosed in single quotes
  • (^) 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&'
• (^) A blank space is a character
  • (^) Written ' ', with a space left between the single quotes

Floating-Point Data Types

(cont'd.)

• (^) float: represents any real number
  • (^) Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38 (four bytes)
• (^) double: represents any real number
  • (^) Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308 (eight bytes)

Floating-Point Data Types

(cont'd.)

• (^) Maximum number of significant digits (decimal places) for float values is 6 or 7
• (^) Maximum number of significant digits for double is 15
• (^) Precision: maximum number of significant digits - (^) Float values are called single precision - (^) Double values are called double precision