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AS Level Chemistry Revision: Alkanes' Properties, Production, and Impact, Transcriptions of Chemistry

University of HullChemistry

An in-depth revision of alkanes, their properties, production processes, and the environmental impact of their combustion. Topics covered include the structure of alkanes, their boiling points, insolubility in water, and their reactivity. The document also explains the processes of fractional distillation and cracking, and the resulting products. Additionally, it discusses the environmental pollutants formed during the combustion of alkanes, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide, and methods for their removal.

Typology: Transcriptions

2018/2019

Uploaded on 03/06/2022

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04/03/2022, 12:49
Chem/Alkanes - Chubby Revision AS Level
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Chubby Revision AS Level
Alkanes
Saturated - no double bonds
General Formula CnH2n+2
Cycloalkanes CnH2n
Van der Waal's forces between molecules
Covalent bonds between atoms
Not a polar molecule
As chain increases boiling point rises - due to VDW forces increasing with molecule size
Insoluble in water
Low reactivity due to strong bonds
Combustable
Fractional Distillation
Crude Oil is a mixture of different Hydrocarbons - from organic material buried in the earth and compressed
Fractional Distillation separates different length chains (fractions) by their boiling points
This happens in a Fractionating Column
The Crude Oil is vaporised
Fractions rise until they meet a tray just below their boiling point
This makes that fraction condense whilst smaller fractions continue rising
At the bottom a thick viscus liquid called bitumen is gathered and at the top is a gaseous methane
You need to know what fractions come at each level and what they are used for
Home AQA Chemistry Edexcel Maths OCR Physics AQA Geography
Past Exam Papers Funny Answers A2 Level
PO WERE D BY
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Chubby Revision AS Level

Alkanes

Saturated - no double bonds

General Formula CnH2n+ Cycloalkanes CnH2n Van der Waal's forces between molecules Covalent bonds between atoms Not a polar molecule As chain increases boiling point rises - due to VDW forces increasing with molecule size Insoluble in water Low reactivity due to strong bonds Combustable

Fractional Distillation

Crude Oil is a mixture of different Hydrocarbons - from organic material buried in the earth and compressed Fractional Distillation separates different length chains ( fractions ) by their boiling points This happens in a Fractionating Column The Crude Oil is vaporised Fractions rise until they meet a tray just below their boiling point This makes that fraction condense whilst smaller fractions continue rising At the bottom a thick viscus liquid called bitumen is gathered and at the top is a gaseous methane

You need to know what fractions come at each level and what they are used for

Home AQA Chemistry Edexcel Maths OCR Physics AQA Geography Past Exam Papers Funny Answers A2 Level POWERED BY

Cracking Breaks down large chains into smaller alkanes and alkenes which are more useful There are two ways to crack alkanes

  1. Thermal cracking Heated to 700-1200K under 7000kPa A pair of electrons in a C-C bond beak to form two hydrocarbon free radicals Creates two shorter chains minus one Hydrogen bond (intermediate products) One free radical loses a Hydrogen to the other creating an alkane and alkene (you don't need to know this mechanism) Alkanes and Alkenes are main products
  2. Catalytic Cracking Heated to 720K at 1atm Zeolite catalyst - honeycomb structure Produces Branched alkanes , cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds too Catalyst cuts cost and time Combustion A fuel is something that can be changed in a reacting vessel to produce useful energy

Fuel + Oxygen → Oxidation Products + Energy Transfer

Complete Combustion

POWERED BY^ Hydrocarbon + O^2 → CO^2 + H^2 O

Removal of Pollutants Removing Sulphur

  • Reacted with CaO
  • Flue gas desulfurisation Catalytic Converters
  • Removes pollutants CO and NOx
  • Honeycomb platinum and rhodium catalyst Global Warming UV Light penetrates atmosphere warming the ground This is re-emitted as infrared radiation Greenhouse gases reflect the infrared waves back into the atmosphere warming the ground Water is the main greenhouse gas but is a constant level in the atmosphere Human implications are raising levels of methane and carbon dioxide through deforestation, burning crude oil etc. Chubby Revision: A Level students revision for Chemistry, Physics, Geography and Maths POWERED BY