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Chapter 3Chapter 3
ChemicalChemical
CompoundsCompounds
22
Chapter 3 Topics Chapter 3 Topics
1.1.^ Ionic and Molecular CompoundsIonic and Molecular Compounds
2.2. Monatomic and Polyatomic IonsMonatomic and Polyatomic Ions
3.3. Formulas for Ionic CompoundsFormulas for Ionic Compounds
4.4. Naming Ionic CompoundsNaming Ionic Compounds
5.5. Naming and Writing Formulas for MolecularNaming and Writing Formulas for Molecular
CompoundsCompounds
6.6. Acids and BasesAcids and Bases
7.7.^ Predicting Properties and Naming CompoundsPredicting Properties and Naming Compounds
33
Water is part of the earth, ocean, rivers,Water is part of the earth, ocean, rivers,
and atmosphere.and atmosphere.
Figure 3.02Figure 3.02 (^44)
How does water conduct electricity?How does water conduct electricity?
• • Water conducts electricity because it contains ions.Water conducts electricity because it contains ions.
When compounds containing ions dissolve in water,When compounds containing ions dissolve in water, the ions exist separate from each other. The mobilitythe ions exist separate from each other. The mobility of ions allows for a current to pass through water.of ions allows for a current to pass through water.
Figure 3.03Figure 3.
55
ElectrolytesElectrolytes
• • Solutions containingSolutions containing
ions are electrolytes.ions are electrolytes.
• • Sodium chlorideSodium chloride
dissolved in water is andissolved in water is an electrolyte.electrolyte.
Dissolve 66
Compound Names and ClassificationsCompound Names and Classifications
• • CHCH 33 COCO 22 HH –– acetic acid, acidacetic acid, acid
• •^ HCl –HCl– hydrochloric acid, acidhydrochloric acid, acid
• • HNOHNO 33 – – nitric acid, acidnitric acid, acid
• • NaCl –NaCl– sodium chloride, ionic compoundsodium chloride, ionic compound
• •^ CHCH^33 OH –OH– methanol, molecular compoundmethanol, molecular compound
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Ionic and Molecular CompoundsIonic and Molecular Compounds
- •^ AnAn ionic compoundionic compound consists of oppositelyconsists of oppositely
charged cations and anions. Usually thecharged cations and anions. Usually the
cation is a metal and the anion is a nonmetal orcation is a metal and the anion is a nonmetal or
a group of nonmetals. (ie, NaCl)a group of nonmetals. (ie, NaCl)
- • AA molecular compoundmolecular compound consists of two orconsists of two or
more different nonmetals. It exists as amore different nonmetals. It exists as a
discrete unit of atoms. (ie, COdiscrete unit of atoms. (ie, CO 22 ))
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- •^ NaCl is an ionicNaCl is an ionic compoundcompound
- •^ COCO^22 is a molecularis a molecular compoundcompound
- • OO 22 is a molecularis a molecular elementelement Figure 3.07Figure 3.
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Identifying Ionic and MolecularIdentifying Ionic and Molecular
CompoundsCompounds
Identify each compound as ionic or molecular.Identify each compound as ionic or molecular.
- • CClCCl (^44)
- •^ CaFCaF^22
- •^ SFSF^66
- •^ CuCOCuCO^33
- • HH 22 OO
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Identifying Ionic and MolecularIdentifying Ionic and Molecular CompoundsCompounds
Identify each compound asIdentify each compound as ionicionic or molecular.or molecular.
- •^ CClCCl^44
- • CaFCaF (^22)
- •^ SFSF^66
- • CuCOCuCO (^33)
- •^ HH^22 O O
classify
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When an ionic compound dissolves inWhen an ionic compound dissolves in
water, it dissociates into its ions.water, it dissociates into its ions.
Figure 3.08Figure 3.
NaCl( s ) Æ Na +( aq ) + Cl−( aq )
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Most molecular substances do notMost molecular substances do not dissociate in water.dissociate in water.
- • Most molecularMost molecular substances, such assubstances, such as CHCH^33 OH or OOH or O^22 , do not, do not dissociate into ions indissociate into ions in aqueous solution. Theaqueous solution. The molecules remain intact.molecules remain intact.
- • CHCH 33 OH(OH( ll )) ÆÆ CHCH 33 OH(OH( aqaq ))
- • OO 22 (( gg )) ÆÆ OO 22 (( aqaq )) O 2 dissolved in water
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Naming Polyatomic IonsNaming Polyatomic Ions
- •^ The name of the oxoanion ion changes when theThe name of the oxoanion ion changes when the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the central atomnumber of oxygen atoms bonded to the central atom changes. Can you see any patterns?changes. Can you see any patterns?
(^2020)
Trends for Polyatomic Ions Trends for Polyatomic Ions
Figure 3.17Figure 3.
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These are the ions listed on your inThese are the ions listed on your in--classclass
handout. You must memorize the ones inhandout. You must memorize the ones in
bold on the handout.bold on the handout.
2222
3.3 Formulas for Ionic Compounds 3.3 Formulas for Ionic Compounds
- •^ An ionic compound has noAn ionic compound has no overall charge, so theoverall charge, so the charges on the cations andcharges on the cations and anions must cancel oneanions must cancel one another. This is the case in aanother. This is the case in a pure substance, or when it ispure substance, or when it is dissolved.dissolved.
- • The formula that shows thisThe formula that shows this ratio with the smallestratio with the smallest whole numbers is called itswhole numbers is called its formula unit.formula unit.
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Writing Ionic FormulasWriting Ionic Formulas
- • Write the formula for the compound that containsWrite the formula for the compound that contains each set of ions in the ratio given.each set of ions in the ratio given.
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Writing Ionic FormulasWriting Ionic Formulas (Like Example 3.6)(Like Example 3.6)
- • Write the formulas for compoundsWrite the formulas for compounds
containing the following ions:containing the following ions:
a)a)^ calcium ion and fluoride ioncalcium ion and fluoride ion b)b) aluminum ion and oxide ionaluminum ion and oxide ion c)c)^ sodium ion and sulfate ionsodium ion and sulfate ion d)d) sodium ion and sulfite ionsodium ion and sulfite ion e)e)^ ammonium ion and phosphate ionammonium ion and phosphate ion f)f) lithium ion and nitrate ionlithium ion and nitrate ion
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3.4 Naming Simple Ionic Compounds3.4 Naming Simple Ionic Compounds
Notice that all the metals are cations with charges that we could predict from the name of the compound they are in.
(^2626)
Common Monatomic Ions Common Monatomic Ions
2727
- • What is the name of thisWhat is the name of this compound?compound?
Figure 3.23Figure 3.
2828
Naming Ionic Compounds ContainingNaming Ionic Compounds Containing Metals with Variable ChargesMetals with Variable Charges
- • Many metals, including most of the transition metals,Many metals, including most of the transition metals, can form more than one type of ion. When thesecan form more than one type of ion. When these metals are present in ionic compounds, and additionalmetals are present in ionic compounds, and additional component must be added to the name to distinguishcomponent must be added to the name to distinguish between similar compounds.between similar compounds.
- •^ How can we distinguish between CuO and CuHow can we distinguish between CuO and Cu^22 O?O?
- • What is the difference between them?What is the difference between them?
- •^ Why do they combine in different ratios?Why do they combine in different ratios? ion diff
2929
What are the rules for naming theseWhat are the rules for naming these
compounds?compounds?
3030
Some (not all) Charges for Metals that canSome (not all) Charges for Metals that can have Ions of More than One Chargehave Ions of More than One Charge
Figure 3.25Figure 3.
3737
Nonsystematic for Molecular CompoundsNonsystematic for Molecular Compounds
(know these)(know these)
- •^ WaterWater –– HH^22 OO
- •^ AmmoniaAmmonia –– NHNH^33
- • Hydrogen peroxideHydrogen peroxide –– HH 2 2 OO (^22)
(^3838)
3.6 Acids and Bases 3.6 Acids and Bases
- •^ Acids and bases exist as ions when dissolved inAcids and bases exist as ions when dissolved in water. Many bases are ionic compounds, but acidswater. Many bases are ionic compounds, but acids are not –are not– they are molecular compounds. How dothey are molecular compounds. How do acids form ions in solution when they are notacids form ions in solution when they are not composed of ions?composed of ions?
- •^ Acids form ions as a result of their interaction withAcids form ions as a result of their interaction with water: HCl(water: HCl( gg )) (^) ÆÆ (^) HH ++^ (( aqaq ) + Cl) + Cl−−(( aqaq ))
- • The HThe H ++^ (( aqaq ) that forms actually exists as H) that forms actually exists as H 33 OO ++^ (( aqaq ).).
3939
Ionization of HCl in WaterIonization of HCl in Water
Figure 3.30Figure 3.
Cl−
H 3 O+
4040
Bases ionize in water to form OHBases ionize in water to form OH− − ionsions
Figure 3.33 Figure 3.
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OxoacidsOxoacids
Acidic H
4242
Naming Binary Acids Naming Binary Acids
- • How are the first four acids similar and how are theyHow are the first four acids similar and how are they named?named?
4343
Naming Binary AcidsNaming Binary Acids
- •^ Why do some of the oxoacids have anWhy do some of the oxoacids have an --ic suffix whileic suffix while others have anothers have an --ous suffix? How can you predict theous suffix? How can you predict the suffix?suffix?
(^4444)
Naming Acids Naming Acids
4545
Naming acidsNaming acids
- • Name the following acids:Name the following acids:
a)a)^ HCl(HCl( aqaq )) b)b) HNOHNO 33 (( aqaq )) c)c)^ HNOHNO^22 (( aqaq )) d)d) HH 22 SOSO 44 (( aqaq ))
4646
3.7 Predicting Properties and3.7 Predicting Properties and Naming CompoundsNaming Compounds
- • Before naming a compound, you must firstBefore naming a compound, you must first
classify it as either an ionic compound,classify it as either an ionic compound,
molecular compound, or acid.molecular compound, or acid.
- – If it is an ionic compound, you must also decide ifIf it is an ionic compound, you must also decide if the cation is an ion that can vary in charge.the cation is an ion that can vary in charge.
- •^ These classifications allow you to name theThese classifications allow you to name the
compound with the proper rules.compound with the proper rules.
4747
NamingNaming
- • Classify and then nameClassify and then name these compoundsthese compounds
4949
Naming Compounds Naming Compounds
- •^ Classify and then name the following:Classify and then name the following: a)a)^ NONO^22 b)b)^ MgMg^33 NN^22 c)c) CaSOCaSO (^44) d)d) HH 33 POPO 44 (( aqaq )) e)e)^ FeClFeCl^33
¾¾^ Which of these does not form ions when dissolvedWhich of these does not form ions when dissolved in water?in water? ¾¾ Which of these is most likely a gas at roomWhich of these is most likely a gas at room temperature?temperature? ¾¾ Which of these is an electrolyte?Which of these is an electrolyte?
