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Sat Pert (Homogeneous mixture) : fer faa deer aia ve SAM BY Wome feat 2. feat fprt (Heterogeneous mixture) : fort farant daca wa va SAMA AT Bt aa -aet Fe TEM (ATOM) Tey Bay Star HTS a eas we AH era Fare MH we aaa Ae Taras alfa F eT Sar 2 TEN] (Atom) waz HT at AT HcAT (eat) 2 araret et aaa Taft [The International System of Units (S.I.)] " th waa $f aaa Tale (French Le Systeme Intemational d' Unités - @Rat F Sl) BY ME TAT TK 1 GRIT BI (CGPM from Conference Generale des Poids at Measures) xT 1960 % eafte fear Tl CGPM Ca ara ay Baer BAHT Toes VAY ar Hex Matte ser crate, S are eae Phar wer, firs K 1875 % Uta % ween fa wa 1a eer ARS a eo foe aA ere aT area Era ET Aan fet 8 area HI -eipraa OMEBTRESL4 Foo ielepaze Canpue-2, Pa, Secr-18, Udyog Vir, Gurren, Hayane220%8 a | (Ps) wea Rar F ao aemg fen Board & Competitive Exams Sivaft ¥ wqyRt aqay 10" arect y 107 farct z 10° vat a 10" Bet f 10” fret P 10° at n 10° areeet a 10° Fett m 10° are c 10" st d 10 a da 10° Beet h 10° Fret k 10° ull M 4 10° fir G 10” eu T y 10" Yer P 10° aT E 10" iter 4 10" ter Y ara ¥ afaftaqer (UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT) waft ates ott tahoe wort a anit ga A vfs wet SF fe Rat SF qe aE ase, a oT erat Ht aeart & saadht ae ae att sins FA aes Ger aH aden data a ys TAT ST TSI ais daar, aria sin ak faite fax sins Fo eqn ak tahoe wo F faite wHK a ae ae ZI tars Peat (Scientific Notation) Tere far He Tens at aya F aR HF go ae E fers THM aT Ha ST aie FT aT airs don # et 2) cH waa a wa: 2g mah tes ast S fay afte 3 ate 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 4 ar Hare a Zar 0,00000000000000000000000166 g frat set @ ten FH seeera Set 21 ea yan aa Pace Fa oie Rane, yar at aa, eae, Welw aren zeae F Sater wT st sera A sawn Sat 21 gear reat, WaT HET sk aT SB YT arett afore TOTS BY SAT aeIT BSA a 31 ar ee Gre St ee VER S sat SF dae aaa ar ova ae eet Pear oT aaa V1 A raise waar foray fret Gear st N x 10° F eg F yale Pear oT wae &, Tet n eA a WET A at ura € ait N, 1810 wer MT 1.00...3 9.999 ...... wa aa fr 10 aT a ome, HF mem aah eet BI aan daar a AT ve vefsta fear ara Board & Competitive Exams warm far & qo srurye frat Fa) rents ieee (1) Get ar ast GH serra St 10 F yor ses a eT Va 1.000... 3 9.999... H mer yefiher Pear ara 2, 9.999... 3 ast Ber SH tanbter Saar ¥ carats Her F fore ears Peg a at ake aa ae Rrra creat @ oa aa Pe eared 3 ved eH ET sar Bt TTI e.g., 342.505 &t tanita atar F 3.42505 x 102 aH wa F fever war 81 el Aan wha F eT ato cam aft ak feaarean fear ort 2 ait eet HF aaat 10 SF wre (2) wae at 21 wat ver, st Ser a 1.0000 3 HA wer at amen dhas F gels Her a fore cara fey at wat att ca ae Renta at & oe on Pe carta a yes Fae ve sien A ony, ter a ah der st 10 at Sem S wnt tere At Peer or weer 8, fred cares fey a ved ven aT ach HT aT 21 3.42505 ©9., 0.000342505 = 242505 __ 4 T0x10x10x10 » °'42505%10 A 0,000342505 = 3.42505 x 10+ Tet SAAT SUK SIT aA ge ena Pear vars ste Sener Saas F ore (4) fers wat 21 (2) tanPree eter F Ahr se sere (Addition and subtraction is scientific notation) aan ater F Genet a er or ert SF fae, at sera F ce st ot wa eet afer! €.g., 3.425 x 104 + 3.425 x 10? ort ¥ ore fra 8, set ead vet BH oat a ew ae oT aa Het aee aor fe ahr eT ATT 3.425 x 10* + 0.3425 x 104 = 3.7675 x 104 eat var vere at it ae cai agar far wre 21 3.425 x 104 — 3.425 x 10° = 3.425 x 104 — 0.3425 x 10* = 3.0825 x 10* (3) Sanfres Sat F Yo se WT (Multiplication and division in scientific notation) = oh aia 4, oe at eae eres a eT A Fo aqaK whet a yer we 21 ae AT seen & afte we erm! e.g., YM 10% x 10% = 10°); wet x Ty Qin e (3.425 x 105) x (3.425 x 108) = 11.73 x 10" GH (3.425 x 10%) x (3.425 x 10%) = 11.73 x 10° GH (3.425 x 10°) x (3.425 x 10°) = 11.73 x 10-8 at van aT # (- 22-1007 tay a 5 3.425%10" _ 4.495 = 1x10 3.425x10® 5 = 3.425x10' = 110°) = 1x10 3.425x10~ -5 - 3.425x10 = 1x10) = 1x 108 3.425x10% Wyse gar aurfar (Precision and Accuracy) zara van ar art 21 ae ven east vr ga Sr eae 3 at aM F fet aeaT wea ae ZI ae ae Profits sear wiSa et ore e fee ant at aor et & fee ser a aes ae Bi eae Refer Prafetes aah a srahr a Het FI so Board & Competitive Exams wre fa & ao suey Rat 7 1, Wea Serr er Per arerer aftenftrar er Perr (Law of conservation of mass or law of undestructiability ) we Rar & agen ve caahen after & chr at Fora eee War FI aftenreey cr et REMIT = Tee BT yet Fe + sar ae aT TAT (afe et) 2. fe Sror or Per reer iter agar oT Peer (Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportions) we Pam S ager wa Tee ate wer After aa F Rad voc ago FX oH RS aT aatt BAS ara 31 CO, Ht arg PACA art Aare rer or aera & APs war 12 g wre 32 g stereos & fara aca BI 3. aftr squat ram (Law of Multiple Proportions) : 34 @ det Gat HH A or ahem Teas aire sary B, ve eae Tet BA flre-ftnr ara (oe) at aT oer a Pas ara S sar Het 21 tt wr fafa aaret ¥ eer pt aque er 81 ae arr agar aT Rar aera 21 sereen B fee - aris a sires Frat 21 Cc +o, CO (12) 246) C+0, CO, (12) (a2) aida (12) a Pftaa ara & fare CO sk CO, H sender St Ararat ST HMA 16 : 32=1:2 4, Sere (Get) sea BT Pa (Law of Reciprocal Proportions) : qa FTE a TATA B Tt aR aa Ca Aftaa war SF ae sem-gert Ma Ge 2, FU HT aI SA SF aq F ar at aa Ber 2 ar sear Ber Win eter 2 ek Awa B ama F Shy & ear Ge ZI sae & Reo ada ak we SF a aT aga Th aed &F Aftaa we (32 HT) a aT we 21 $0, — co. 12:32m3:8 wi) met cunt CS, % ade at Bene BH we BT HITT 12:6443: 16 (ii) (123(64) 2 (yn ay BA arg ow AR Fre we HK waht S:F ara: 1a (3): ofS) ae WR HAMA GR HTT HT GT TTT FI 5, d-qger ar anaes Sater Pram (Gay Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes) : 3a Fra @ AER wa 28 ange F afro wet @, a a eter ara A for Het tar oH RR F ae wer aq F Be 2, ate sere F araas SH wee aT F Uhh @, ae 3h te ti (aad fH sea F at aa aa ait aa at Barr Veet F eh) sareoy & fee (For example) - BEgwrT sk sed aT SAT Cl ro) a) SS (NS wr Ram F ae aemg far Board & Competitive Exams | & ara Hol Aa ery & Fre er ea oT wre ae eH TET ae we aR Hy * ya anme S Seore are H ag Weer har @, aH eh 1:1 28 ay area Batt & Pat a velit ae 21 HT Jae (Other examples) : 2S0,+ O, 280, [2:1:2] 2vol(g) tvolg) — 2vol(g) NH, + HCl >NH,CI [1:1:1] ‘tvoKg) ‘VOKS) —tvol(g) Beet BT Wy far (Dalton's Atomic Theory) wey sears aor ear S sk va tes ewes Bhereew (460 - 370 BC) B waa zo vat (a4-af&a) wer Te, fae eet eae F sme we Tae Barr S Paz RI a Uect aah fea wey Taras wat F Pet S dew F ama we, sitet aca FX 1808 ¥ RRS a aR ait wat Tafa (A New System of Chemical Philosophy)” waif # fret gat vert ar Fen ert vey fan seer F Tey Rerd S yer ey he: ; (1) Ferd seat Ber, rT Set a ee sr ear e Tt GeM] seat Fi , @ Ra ae oer vey we ve gaa ae, orig Te TER, TE, TERT, TERE IT Rah mr ae zi (@) Pa-fra oat S yery ot var 3 fafa at & aeiq ea aa, sgh, Fer, TaePa am fra a 21 (4) Pra acl & vemy arse % tad, ae, Ph ana F eae aes ate a aad 3 (6) We Waa ative cers a ar at sere fear wr saat ak aT et ate Par aT aaa sret of fiers caahe sah S Raat at ene ax ara 21 1. Per ¥a aha dem F 3 ade aie 2? (1) 519.00 (2) 2503 (3) 0.0500 (4) 0.008 2. BRRNM, aatde F ara sae a HCl sare 21 ae Gar S ae GF a as NaH wre 21 aft afta ak aed Hh onve % ear ara %, aT ay gem F aqua F ee yar ait (1) 23: 35.5 (2) 35.5: 23 Q) 1:1 (4) 23:4 3. WRERE 2 sires P.O, aK P.O, #1 Pak OF un art ater Paw fe e aaa 2? (1) fear daca (2) aftr aque (3) t-qter ar Rar (4) eR eTT 4. 0.00000000068 41 aire: daar F (1) 6.8 x 10-9 (2) 68 x 10-11 (3) 6.8 x 10-1 (4) 68 x 10-79 FEY He ai a_i (ATOMIC WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT) Bree Tey | aM ar anes AAT area BS omer ow Pra war, At are 1961 F IUPAC aM Rear rar ae aT ar aT at Se gem ze a qa F fee aa S we H ada S aeaie Para era (C-12 ere) AY ATA TAT a, ROY cee fr ge army ear Board & Competive Ean ate (THE MOLE) He (Mole) : ea ater vend A ae mre aH su at wen a-12F de 12 94 sas cep A ser FS aR Bit 21 ~ C129 12 9% ada TENS FA PeM = 6.022 x 102 1. 1 Ae = 6.023 x 10” qT (aeA) 2. 1A = STP UR 22.4 cher te SeTENT 1 CO, = 44g 1 et CO, = STP HR 22.4 cher de 1 ie CO, % ver att aT FEN TW aT 4 tet CO, % ater aiteretrt vey Te oy B 1 Ae CO, = 6.022 « 10% amt (ar) WILT FY! (Important formula) : na ant ¥ aR a 1 = a a ait (Entities) at dear 7 ararret Ser ne STP fe or ame (sex 4) 7 22.4 Board & Competitive Exams ern fa & Eo ays er Ba mt =10 Preatenterr F ure a arora afer (2) N® 1000 vearsit ar (o) STP ¥% 500 mi CH, = () CH, ® vm amy ar We: (2) N& Ae aA ween - 1000 __ 6.022 x 1078 UR =n x TN AK _ 1000 ~ 6.022108 = 2.32 x 10-20 g (>) CH, # att Ft wer -__500___t 1000x224 44.8 x14g 1 CH, #1 4K =—_ = ls 448*'89 0.36 g (c) CH, G& Ae = 16g CH, I Ba Aer = 6.022 x 10 aT (3m) 16 -23 = yy 9 = 2.66 X10 Th AT A WK 022x102 ° g WR FERIA (Molar Mass) Rep Aer Tere ar aH OTA Tae HA MOMMA HET V1 UM FETT GEMS TTS ua Tey, ay TET FOR B TR Ba BI aire ar ek ZaPAPT = 17.0 g TT TONY TAP STAT TT TAY (Gram atomic mass or gram atom) : fare aera WN FIAT ) faeraa fraraH (Solvent) : Ferrer ae gerd eer & feat Me sree feet a iter sraer SF aa Bet 21 WaT (s) + H,O(|) —> faerar (|) ae: eat Perry set F CuSO,(s) + 5H,0(1) —» CuSO,.5H,O(s) wet free CuSO,? aa wee fer seed &1 aft At vert wa weed FATE, a ser aque aren sew Pern eT! ed =SQqam__—- qo gam Pda ae Peres Fa Peat Porn at ater Molarity of the Mixture of Two Solutions of Same Solute and Solvent Board & Competitive Exams MV, +M,V, Monat = Vi + Va Vege) wei, M, REV, Gar sar A Aten ate aaa @ she M, Ta V, are Peat at Aer ae ET & Ber HI (Mole fraction) : ar RBar & ata eke nak aren a ae Ht Ger Ne, a faba Ft Ae THT (%a,) = i i faa A ae TIT pare) = Tan ’ Xpaa + Xpare = 1 . ae, eee [m= Reda a aoe Raa a a aa Wrst att atereat ¥ Garr (Relation between Mole Fraction and Molality) fae aT HK (W,) 1000 ; ™ = Faq ar AUR (M,) Rare aT ae (W,) ~~ ( Pere F AY (M,) a AT FT IT HET TW ’ W, ,, 1000 - Mg ~ M, Ws ~My i ny , 1000 / m= ny” My nate IT Be AT BK (Me+Ma) A 1000 Ny (n, +3) Mz m= m= XA, 1000 “Xe Ma ’ atercen (M), Areata (m) Ter Peer Be wer d (in gimL) ¥ searer Relation between Molarity (M), Molality (m) and Density of Solution d (in g/mL) art Areca = M, et aT AY ZETA = MW’ => 1 L fer ¥ Mate fee safer 21 => 1000 mL facet % MM’ g fea safer 21 = 1000 g fae + MM’ g fier softer 21 faarren ar rem (ot 4) = feet a germ — fae a zeRI fara aT ea (aT #) = 1000 d- MM’ _—_ Board & Competitive Exams aera a Fer (Perch 3) = 1000d—MM 1000 ‘Bletera (m) = act & ater = M Rama a wa (cgay) = = T000d-MM 1000 aq 1000d-MM'_M aoa MMM 1000. m 1000 m MMM 1M d=—+— ot te a m 1000 7 am (+465) qeuat 4 (Equivalent Weight) fret vert ar qeaist we ae a foot Pe ua F 1g (STP 11.2 AT H,) HoT se F 8g wea BAIT F 35.5 g eee a4 S 80 go far Her a erat Reanhta qe ze ‘FET N, + 3H, —>2NH, 289 69 34g anager wr grat oe = B= A arian at qeaiat WK = S20 Were Geavee e Ber Men Tere eer Glover eT yea erereraT BFA eit eer eae I Pret rene VAN war t:- (A packet of substance containing equivalent mass in gram is called an equivalent. Equivalent mass of different species are defined as follows):- 1. Wet (Elements) we aed Ft aT GY 1 g ees, 8 g Sie arta 35.5 g FT FS are fear Halt @ gaa sat Preaita aed 21 . _ Ten] For Feu SSRI = SH eal 2. Bt (lon) : eT a Gaia ora = 3. aan aif (lonic compounds) : . aoe Fer PT GeMGT FAT = Sort era AMAT OMT I START 4. at (Acids) (a) ae Ft Arar GH 6.02 x 10° Ht ae At 21 (b) wea St Ara Gt 6.02 « 1023 OH” aT Ht Barat Het S amie Fear (c) are ar Grae ROM = Orsay A Gea a art H Ua ay S saa et aaa e Board & Competitive Exams warm Ran % as any fart AS aa & fore ater atte aterear # wearer (Relation between Normality and Molarity for Acid) 1000 Gr aaet (mi) N= aw x grat an Res ne_W_, Sera x 1000 aOR Rear aT aa (mia) res tlear 1000 SOR erat sr aaa (mL a) (ii) at MART eh sale veaill) v» (ii) (iil) 8 atra aftiirarat” Hf wnPrer Pear sae Oy oe 12. f 0) Se bid i | (NO) wer Rar 3 a oem Re Board & Competitive Exan, 40% NaOH (wAW) a aieicar site aererar a arora arth PereaT aT TART 1.2 g/ml B1 wr: 40 % NaOH (wMW) a af & fr 100 g fae ¥ 40 g Ys NaOH Safer & ferret arenes = PETIT FEI _ 100 == ml we 1.2 w/m w. 1000 40 1000 ‘Mle (M) = : =“ -=— 125 ™) V(mi¥)/1000 m* Vimla) ~ 40° 100 “'~ = 12M 7 wim __40/40 _ 40, 1000 eT (™) = ara eT FEMA (kga)~ (100-40) = 40% 60 ] 1000 11. 100 mi facia % afar 6.02 x 102 ary saRerr 81 ah after eer Ft awa sar 3? (1) 01M (2) 0.01M (3) 0.02 M (4) 0.001 M 12. CuSO,.SH,O & 1 x 10% ams @ wet # fare 100 g eer ura Pear zem) ear ¥ CuSO, - SH,O #1 wR wfoaet 21 (Cua WAN HR = 63.5) = 16.66 m (1) 41.59 (2) 4.159 (3) 415.9 (4) 246 13, SERIF BRT. 98% H,SO, Ht Aca Far @, fa WAT 1.8 giml 2? (1) 6 (2) 3% (3) 10 (4) 4 14. 3.6 Maerafte ae Farad ar wae (g/ml) aia aAfare ot fe FEMI BRT _29% H,SO, 2? (M = 98) (1) 1.45 (2) 1.88 (3) 1.64 4) 1.22 wetimmiiia ak weiner Trg (Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations) ’ arent ait Sere F nar aa GK smal WN wat See XA ast 31 We TTHHUHAT sr ter Ter - Stoicheion (aE — ae) sR Metron (arf — aM) BRERA Pre war a1 Terhre worst Te arenes wre A er RA SF Ae aaa: Pet ve ween BA zi (i) Sefert Taran wit feat F i) Tare weer & Re ay att aoe seat B mer Aer argu sr PARTI (ii) Fr At Sy ais wreaat BS ze ar area F Rafi ARC! TM —= ae —— ay at ger OO _ waa aaa 
