CHEM LAB – EXTREME DENSITY MASTER SHEET (COMPETITION MODE)
CONSTANTS
NA=6.022e23 | R=0.0821 L·atm/mol·K = 8.314 J/mol·K | Kw=1.0e-14 | ln2=0.693 | log2=0.301
T(K)=°C+273 | STP=22.4 L/mol | 1 atm=760 torr
STOICHIOMETRY FULL TOOLBOX
Balance→Given→mol→ratio→convert
Limiting=min(product formed)
%yield=(actual/theoretical)*100
Mass%=(part/whole)*100
Empirical:%→g→mol→÷smallest→whole#
Molecular=MM/empirical MM
Gas:PV=nRT
van der Waals:(P+a(n/V)^2)(V-nb)=nRT
Density gas: d=PM/RT
Molarity M=mol/L | Dilution M1V1=M2V2
Flow: in-out+gen=accum | steady state→accum=0
Extent ξ: Δni=νiξ
EQUILIBRIUM DEEP
K=[prod]^n/[react]^m (omit solids/liids)
Kp=Kc(RT)^Δn
Q<K→→right | Q>K→→left
ICE:I,C,E rows
Quadratic x=(-b±√(b²-4ac))/2a
5% rule: x<0.05 initial
ΔG°=-RTlnK
LeChatelier: ↑P→fewer gas mol | ↑T shifts opposite ΔH
Ksp=[ion]^coeff
Common ion ↓ solubility
pH=-log[H+] | pOH=-log[OH-] | pH+pOH=14
KaKb=Kw | pKa=-logKa
Buffer:pH=pKa+log(A-/HA)
Half-neutralization:pH=pKa
KINETICS FULL SET
Rate=Δ[A]/Δt
rate=k[A]^m[B]^n
Overall=m+n
Units k:1/M^(n-1)s
0th:[A]=-kt+[A]0 | t1/2=[A]0/2k
1st:ln[A]=-kt+ln[A]0 | t1/2=0.693/k
2nd:1/[A]=kt+1/[A]0 | t1/2=1/k[A]0
ln(k2/k1)=-Ea/R(1/T2-1/T1)
Arrhenius slope=-Ea/R
Ea from slope: Ea=-R*slope
Activation energy ↑ → greater T sensitivity
Mechanism: slow step controls rate
SSA:d[intermediate]/dt=0
Radical chain:init,prop,term
Catalyst lowers Ea; not in K
ENZYME + ADVANCED
v=Vmax[S]/(Km+[S])
Km=(k-1+k2)/k1 | Vmax=k2[E]tot
1/v=Km/Vmax·1/[S]+1/Vmax
Slope=Km/Vmax | y-int=1/Vmax | x-int=-1/Km
kcat=Vmax/[E]tot | eff=kcat/Km
Competitive inhibitor: Km↑ Vmax same
Noncompetitive: Vmax↓ Km same
