CISA Study Notes./CISA Study Notes., Exams of Nursing

CISA Study Notes./CISA Study Notes.

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CISA Study Notes
Who is responsible for imposing an IT governance model encompassing IT strategy,
information security, and formal enterprise architectural mandates? - IT executives
and the Board of Directors
The party that performs strategic planning, addresses near-term and long-term
requirements aligning business objectives, and technology strategies. - The Steering
Committee
What three elements allow validation of business practices against acceptable
measures of regulatory compliance, performance, and standard operational guidelines.
- (1.) Polices (2.) Procedures (3.) Standards
What activity involves the identification of potential risk and the appropriate response for
each threat based on impact assessment using qualitative and/or quantitative measures
for an enterprise-wide risk management strategy? - Risk Management
IT Governance is most concerned with.... - IT Strategy
Describe the advantages of outsourcing. - Outsourcing is an opportunity for the
organization to focus on core competencies. When an organization oursources a
business function, it no longer needs to be concerned about training employees in that
function. Outsources does not always reduce costs, because cost reduction is not
always the primary goal of oursourcing.
An external IS auditor has discovered a segregation of duties issue in a high value
process. What is the best action for the auditor to take? - The external auditor can
only document the finding in the audit report. An external auditor is not in a position to
implement controls.
An organization has chosen to open a business office in another country where labor
costs are lower and has hired workers to perform business functions there. This
organization has done what? - The organization is insourcing - while they may have
opened the office in a foreign country, they have hired locals to do the work as opposed
to contracting with a third party.
An organization has discovered that some of its employees have criminal records. What
is the best course of action for the organization to take? - The organization should
have background checks performed on all of its existing employees and also begin
instituting background checks of all new-hires. It is not necessarily required to terminate
the employees - their offenses may not warrant termination.
The options for Risk Treatment are: - Risk Mitigation Risk Avoidance Risk Transfer
Risk Acceptance
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CISA Study Notes

Who is responsible for imposing an IT governance model encompassing IT strategy, information security, and formal enterprise architectural mandates? - ✅ IT executives and the Board of Directors The party that performs strategic planning, addresses near-term and long-term requirements aligning business objectives, and technology strategies. - ✅ The Steering Committee What three elements allow validation of business practices against acceptable measures of regulatory compliance, performance, and standard operational guidelines.

  • ✅ (1.) Polices (2.) Procedures (3.) Standards What activity involves the identification of potential risk and the appropriate response for each threat based on impact assessment using qualitative and/or quantitative measures for an enterprise-wide risk management strategy? - ✅ Risk Management IT Governance is most concerned with.... - ✅ IT Strategy Describe the advantages of outsourcing. - ✅ Outsourcing is an opportunity for the organization to focus on core competencies. When an organization oursources a business function, it no longer needs to be concerned about training employees in that function. Outsources does not always reduce costs, because cost reduction is not always the primary goal of oursourcing. An external IS auditor has discovered a segregation of duties issue in a high value process. What is the best action for the auditor to take? - ✅ The external auditor can only document the finding in the audit report. An external auditor is not in a position to implement controls. An organization has chosen to open a business office in another country where labor costs are lower and has hired workers to perform business functions there. This organization has done what? - ✅ The organization is insourcing - while they may have opened the office in a foreign country, they have hired locals to do the work as opposed to contracting with a third party. An organization has discovered that some of its employees have criminal records. What is the best course of action for the organization to take? - ✅ The organization should have background checks performed on all of its existing employees and also begin instituting background checks of all new-hires. It is not necessarily required to terminate the employees - their offenses may not warrant termination. The options for Risk Treatment are: - ✅ Risk Mitigation Risk Avoidance Risk Transfer Risk Acceptance

Annualized Loss Expectance (ALE) is defined as: - ✅ ALE is the annual expected loss to an asset. It is calculated as the single loss expectancy (SLE) X the annualized rate of occurrence (ARO.) A quantitative risk analysis is more difficult to perform because: - ✅ It is difficult to get accurate figures on the frequency of specific threats. It is difficult to determine the probability that a threat will be realized. It is relatively easy to determine the value of an asset and the impact of a threat event. An IS auditor is examining the IT standards document for an organization that was last reviewed two years earlier. The best course of action for the IS auditor is: - ✅ Report that the IT standards are not being reviewed often enough. Two years is far too long between reviews of IT standards. The purpose of a Balanced Scorecard is: - ✅ To measure organizational performance and effectiveness against strategic goals. The 4-item focus of a Balanced Scorecard is: - ✅ (1.) Financial (2.) Customer (3.) Internal processes (4.) Innovation / Learning The audit program is an audit strategy and plans that include: - ✅ (1.) Scope (2.) Objectives (3.) Resources (4.) Procedures used to evaluation controls and processes IS auditors can stay current with technology through the following means: - ✅ (1.) training courses (2.) webinars (3.) ISACA chapter training events (4.) Industry conferences Name the three Types of Controls - ✅ (1.) Physical (2.) Technical (4.) Administrative Name the two Categories of Controls - ✅ (1.) Automatic (2.) Manual Name the Eight Types of Audits - ✅ (1.) Operational (2.) Financial (3.) Integrated (4.) IS (5.) Administrative (6.) Compliance (7.) Forensic (8.) Service Provider What type of testing is performed to determine if control procedures have proper design and are operating properly? - ✅ Compliance Testing What type of testing is performed to verify the accuracy and integrity of transactions as they flow through a system? - ✅ Substantive Testing Audit Methodologies define what 10 elements of an Audit? - ✅ (1.) Subject of audit (2.) Audit Objective (3.) Type of audit (4.) Audit scope (5.) Pre-audit planning (6.) Audit procedures (7.) Communication plan (8.) Report Preparation (9.) Wrap-up (10.) Post- audit follow-up

an IS audit is: - ✅ An audit of an IS department's operations and systems. An Administrative audit is: - ✅ An audit of operational efficiency. A Compliance audit is: - ✅ An audit to determine the level and degree of compliance to a law, regulation, standard, contract provision, or internal control. A Sample Mean is: - ✅ The sum of all samples divided by the number of samples. A Forensic Audit means: - ✅ An audit that is performed in support of an anticipated or active legal proceeding. A Service Provider audit means: - ✅ An audit of a third-party organization that provides services to other organizations. Statistical Sampling means: - ✅ A sampling technique where items are chosen at random; each item has a statistically equal probability of being chosen. Judgmental sampling means: - ✅ A sampling technique where items are chosen based upon the auditor's judgment, usually based on risk or materiality. Attribute Sampling means: - ✅ A sampling technique used to study the characteristics of a population to determine how many samples possess a specific characteristic. Variable Sampling means - ✅ A sampling technique used to study the characteristics of a population to determine the numeric total of a specific attribute from the entire population. Stop-or-go Sampling means: - ✅ A sampling technique used to permit sampling to stop at the earliest possible time. This technique is used when the auditor feels that there is a low risk or low rate of exceptions in the population. Discovery Sampling means: - ✅ A sampling technique where at least one exception is sought in a population Stratified Sampling means: - ✅ A sampling technique where a population is divided into classes or strata, based upon the value of one of the attributes. Samples are then selected from each class. An audit report usually includes the following 10 elements: - ✅ (1.) Cover letter (2.) Introduction (3.) Summary (4.) Audit description (5.) List of systems examined (6.) Interviewees (7.) Evidence (8.) Explanation of sampling techniques (9.) Findings (10.) Recommendations The 5 types of risks that are related to audits include: - ✅ (1.) Control Risk (2.) Detection Risk (3.) Inherent risk (4.) Overall audit risk (5.) Sampling risk

Control Risk means: - ✅ The risk that a material error exists that will not be prevented or detected by the organization's control framework. Detection Risk means: - ✅ The risk that an IS auditor will overlook errors or exceptions during an audit. Inherent Risk means: - ✅ The risk that there are material weaknesses in existing business processes and no compensating controls to detect or prevent them Sampling Risk means: - ✅ The probability that a sample selected does not represent the entire population. This is usually expressed as a percentage, the numeric inverse of the confidence coefficient External auditors are needed under what conditions? - ✅ (1.) When the organization lacks specific expertise or resources to conduct an internal audit. (2.) Some regulations and standards require external, independent auditors What is the best approach for identifying high risk areas for an audit? - ✅ The IS auditor should conduct a risk assessment first to determine which areas have highest risk. She should devote more testing resources to those high-risk areas. An auditor has detected potential fraud while testing a control objective. What should the auditor do next? - ✅ Notify the Audit Committee. Because Audit committee members are generally not involved in business operations, they will be sufficiently remove from the matter, and they will have the authority to involve others as needed. The possibility that a process or procedure will be unable to prevent or deter serious errors and wrongdoing is known as: - ✅ Control Risk. The 4 categories of risk treatment are: - ✅ (1.) Avoidance (2.) Transfer (3.) Mitigation (4.) Acceptance An IS auditor needs to perform an audit of a financial system and needs to trace individual transactions through the system. What type of testing should the auditor perform? - ✅ Substantive Testing, which is a test of transaction integrity. An IS auditor is auditing the change management process for a financial application. The auditor has two primary pieces of evidence: change logs and a written analysis of the change logs performed by a business analyst. Which evidence is best and why? - ✅ The change log is best because it is objective and unbiased. Under what circumstances should an auditor use subjective sampling? - ✅ Subjective sampling is used when the auditor wants to concentrate on samples known to represent high risk.

What is a Gantt Chart? - ✅ Gantt Charts are used to schedule and sequence activities in a waterfall-type representation. Planned activities are shown flowing downward to completion. More simplistic than a PERT Diagram. What is a PERT Diagram? - ✅ Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) is used to illustrate the relationship between planned activities. PERT diagrams show multiple routes through the project activities, as necessary for accomplishing a goal. Gantt VS. PERT - ✅ Gantt: used to display resource details. PERT: shows the current and most up-to-date critical path A project manager needs to identify the tasks that are responsible for project delays. What approach should the project manager use? - ✅ Critical Path Methodology helps a project manager determine which activities are on a project's critical list. A software developer has informed the project manager that a portion of the application development is going to take five additional days to complete. The project manager should do what? - ✅ When any signification change needs to occur in a project plan, a project change request should be created to document the reason for the change. The 7 phases and their order in the SDLC are: - ✅ (1.) Feasibility (2.) Requirements (3.) Design (4.) Development (5.) Testing (6.) Implementation (7.) Post-implementation What personnel should be involved in the requirements phase of a software development project? - ✅ (1.) Developers (2.) Architects (3.) Analysts (4.) Users The primary source for test plans in a software development project is: - ✅ The REQUIREMENTS that are developed for a project should be the primary source for detailed tests. The primary purpose for a change management process is to: - ✅ The main purpose for change management is to review and approve proposed changes to systems and infrastructure. This helps to reduce the risk of unintended events and unplanned downtime. What is the purpose of a Capability Maturity Model? - ✅ A CMM helps an organization to assess the maturity of its business processes, which is an important first step to any large-scale process improvement effort. The purpose of Input validation checking is: - ✅ To ensure that input values are within established ranges, of the correct character types, and free of harmful contents. IT Service Management consists of 11 distinct activities: - ✅ (1.) Service Desk (2.) Incident Management (3.) Problem Management (4.) Change Management (5.) Configuration Management (6.) Release Management (7.) Service-level Management

(8.) Financial Management (9.) Capacity Management (10.) Service Continuity Management 1(1.) Availability Management IT Service Management is defined in what International Process Framework? - ✅ ITIL - IT Infrastructure Library. ITIL content is managed by the UK-based Office of Government Commerce. The purpose of the ISO 20000 Standard: - ✅ Framework for auditing and measuring IT Service Management Processes. Incident Management - any event which is not part of the standard operation of service and which causes or may cause an interruption to or reduction in quality of that service. Includes THREE incident types: - ✅ (1.) Service Outage (2.) Service Slowdown (3.) Software Bug PROBLEM MANAGEMENT: - ✅ When several incidents have occurred that appear to have the same or a similar root cause, a PROBLEM is occurring. ITIL definition of PROBLEM: - ✅ A condition often identified as a result of multiple incidents that exhibit common symptoms. Problems can also be identified from a single significant incident for which the impact is significant. ITIL definition of CHANGE MANAGEMENT: - ✅ The process to ensure that standardized methods and procedures are used for efficient and prompt handling of all changes. Change Management includes a formal waterfall of six steps: - ✅ (1.) Proposal or Request (2.) Review (3.) Approval (4.) Implementation (5.) Verification (6.) Post-change Review EMERGENCY CHANGES should include 4 steps: - ✅ (1.) Emergency Approval (2.) Implementation (3.) Verification (4.) Review CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT definition: - ✅ The process of recording the configuration of IT systems. Each configuration setting is known in ITSM parlance as a Configuration Item. The Four typical Configuration Items in Configuration Management include: - ✅ (1.) Hardware Complement (physical specifications) (2.) Hardware Configuration (firmware settings) (3.) Operating system version and configuration (4.) Software versions and configuration RELEASE MANAGEMENT: ITIL term used to describe the SDLC. The Release process is used for several types of system changes: - ✅ (1.) Incidents and problem resolution (bug fixes.) (2.) Enhancements (new functionality.) (3.) Subsystem patches and changes (require testing similar to when changes are made to the application itself.)

Grid Computing is: - ✅ a large number of loosely coupled computers that are used to solve a common task may be in close proximity to each other or scattered over a large geographical area. A Server Cluster is: - ✅ a tightly coupled collection of computers that are used to solve a common task. One or more actively perform tasks, while zero or more may be in a standby state. A Virtual Server is: - ✅ an active, instance of a server operating system running on a machine that is designed to house two or more such virtual servers. Cloud computing is: - ✅ a dynamically scalable and usually virtualized computing environment that is provided as a service. Clout computing services may be rented or leased so that an organization can have a scalable application without the need for supporting hardware. A database primary key is: - ✅ one of a database table's fields, whose value is unique. A Foreign Key is: - ✅ a field in a record in one table that can reference a primary key in another table that can reference a primary key in another table. Referential Integrity - ✅ A database term, which means that the database will not permit a program (or user) to deleted rows from a table if there are records in other tables whose foreign keys reference the row to be deleted. 3 primary security features of relational databases: - ✅ (1.) Access controls (2.) Encryption (3.) Audit logging OSI: Physical Layer: - ✅ concerned with electrical and physical specifications for devices. No frames or packets involved. OSI: Data Link Layer: - ✅ Information is arranged in frames and transported across the medium. Collision detection. Checksum verification of delivery. Data Link Layer Standards: - ✅ (1.) LAN protocols (2.) 80 (2.) 11 MAC/LLC (WiFi) (3.) Common Carrier packet networks (4.) ARP (5.) PPP and SLIP (6.) Tunneling - PPTP, L2TP OSI: Network Layer - ✅ The delivery of messages from one station to another via one or more networks.. Routes packets between networks. Network Layer Protocols: - ✅ (1.) IP (2.) ICMP (3.) RRC (Radio Resource Control) (4.) AppleTalk OSI: Transport Layer - ✅ Concerns the reliability of data transfer between systems. (1.) Connection Oriented (2.) Guaranteed Delivery (3.) Order of Delivery

Transport Layer Protocols - ✅ (1.) TCP (2.) UDP OSI Layer 5: Session - ✅ used to control connections that are established between systems (1.) TCP (2.) IPC (3.) SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) (4.) RPC (Remote Procedure Call) (5.) NetBIOS OSI Layer 6: Presentation - ✅ used to translate or transform data from lower layers into formats that the application layer can work with. OSI Layer 7: Application - ✅ contains programs that communicate directly with the end user. Application Layer protocols: - ✅ (1.) Utility (DNS, SNMP, DHCP (2.) Messaging protocols (SMTP) (3.) Data Transfer protocols (NFS, FTP) (4.) Interactive protocols (Telnet) TCP/IP Network Model: - ✅ (1.) Link (2.) Internet (3.) Transport (4.) Application TCP/IP Link Layer - ✅ lowest layer. Delivers messages (frames) from one station to another vial local network. TCP/IP Internet Layer - ✅ Deliver messages from one station to another on the same network or on different networks. Messaging at this layer is not guaranteed. TCP/IP Transport Layer - ✅ consists of two main packet transport protocols: TCP and UDP. Features of TCP/IP Transport Layer packet delivery - ✅ (1.) Reliable delivery (2.) Connection oriented (persistent connection) (3.) Order of Delivery (4.) Flow Control (transfer rate is throttled) (5.) Port Number WAN Protocols: - ✅ (1.) MPLS (2.) SONET (3.) T-Carrier (4.) Frame Relay (5.) ISDN (6.) X. A web application is displaying information incorrectly and many users have contacted the IT service desk. This matter should be considered: - ✅ A problem.A problem is defined as a condition that is the result of multiple incidents that exhibit common symptoms. A database administrator has been asked to configure a database management system so that it records all changes made by users. What should the DBA implement? - ✅ The DBA should implement audit logging. This will cause the database to record every change that is made to it.

hash. This makes it impossible for any person to retrieve a password, which could lead to account compromise. An organization experiences frequent malware infections on end-user workstations that are received through email, despite the tact that workstations have anti-virus software. What is the best means for reducing malware? - ✅ Implementing antivirus software on the email servers will provide an effective defense-in-depth, which should help to reduce the number of viruses encountered on end-user workstations. An auditor has reviewed access privileges of some employees and has discovered that employees with longer terms of service have excessive privileges. What can the auditor conclude from this? - ✅ User privileges are not being removed from their old position when they transfer to a new position. This results in employees with excessive privileges. An organization wants to reduce the number of user IDs and passwords that its employees need to remember. What is the best available solution to this problem? - ✅ Reduced sign-on. This provides a single authentication service (such as LDAP or AD) that many applications can use for centralized user authentication. Business Continuity focuses on: - ✅ maintaining service availability with the least disruption to standard operating parameters during an event Disaster Recovery focuses on: - ✅ post-event recovery and restoration of services Disasters are generally grouped in terms of type: - ✅ (1.) Man-made (2.) Natural Individual events may often create combined threats to enterprise operations: - ✅ A tornado might also spawn structural fires and transportation accidents The BCP process encompasses a lifecycle: - ✅ (1.) Develop a BC Policy (2.) Conduct BIA (3.) Perform critical analysis (4.) Establish recovery targets (5.) Develop recovery and continuity strategies and plans (6.) Test recovery and continuity plans and procedures Train personnel Maintain strategies, plans, and procedures through periodic reviews and updates BCP Plans must be tested to validate effectiveness through: - ✅ (1.) Document Review (2.) Walkthrough (3.) Simulation (4.) Parallel testing (5.) Cutover testing practices An organization that is undertaking a business continuity plan should perform what first?

  • ✅ A business impact analysis is the first major task in a disaster recovery or business continuity planning project. This first step in Business Impact Analysis is: - ✅ The first step in a business impact analysis is the inventory of all in-scope business processes and systems

What is the purpose of a Statement of Impact? - ✅ A Statement of Impact describes the effect on the business if a process is incapacitated for any appreciable time What is the purpose of a criticality analysis? - ✅ A criticality analysis is used to determine which business processes are the most critical, by ranking them in order of criticality A critical application is backed up once per day. The recovery point objective for this system: - ✅ The RPO for an application that is backed up once per day cannot be less than 24 hours Recovery time objective is defined as: - ✅ A Recovery Time Objective (RTO) is defined as the maximum period of downtime for a process or application An alternate processing center that contains no application servers is knows as a: - ✅ A Cold Site contains no information processing equipment What is the most important consideration for site selection of a hot site? - ✅ Geographic location of the hot site is most important. IF they are too close together then a single event may involve both locations A collection of servers that is designed to operate as a single logical server is known as a: - ✅ A server cluster is a collection of two or more servers that is designed to appear as a single server. To determine effectiveness of a disaster recovery program, an IT auditor should: - ✅ Examine documentation and interview personnel Controls are: - ✅ The means by which management establishes and measures processes by which organizational objectives are achieved Frameworks are: - ✅ Collections of Controls that work together to achieve an entire range of an organization's objectives. Rating Scale for Process Maturity consists of six levels: - ✅ 0. No process at all (1.) Process are ad hoc and disorganized (2.) Consistent processes (3.) Documented processes (4.) Measured and managed processes (5.) Processes are continuously improved Two main types of Controls: - ✅ (1.) General (2.) Application General Controls: - ✅ Support the functioning of the application controls Application Controls: - ✅ handle application processing