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De La Salle University
Civil Engineering Department
Construction Materials and Testing (CIVMATL)
Individual Reporting:
Clay roofing tiles
Submitted by: Abigail Marie R. Lorico 11144742 Section EH History
- (^) Its origin came from China during Neolithic age (10,000 B.C) then Middle East. The clay tile usage stretched throughout Asia and Europe. Afterwards European introduced the roofing system to America where it became widely known in many places in the 17 th^ Century. The colonial period in America caused the clay tiles to be in demand. In the 1600’s a lot of fire incidents occur in New York, Boston and London. Thus, the building and fire code was established for New York and Boston.
The fire code indicates the usage of clay tile because of its durability, ease of maintenance and fireproofing qualities.
Afterwards, production methods have been proposed to lower the cost of tiles but the demand rate declined because of immerging cheaper and lighter roofing system in mid 1800’s. By mid 1900’s the Europeans revived the interest in clay roofing tiles. An Italianate Villa style of architecture was introduced in the U.S. which led to usage of clay roofing tiles. The manufacturing industry boomed, more factories for clay tiles were built. But somehow technology changes fast, alternative substitutes were also invented during the revival of clay roofing tiles. Eventually, the clay tiles became out of fashion in the end of the 19 th^ century.
In the present time, 20th^ century, the clay roofing tile gained acceptance due to the popularity of architectural styles such as Mission, Spanish, Mediterranean, Georgian and Renaissance Revival. More machines were also developed to produce various forms in large quantities.
Body
Clay roofing tile is produced when molded clays are formed into a tile. Its density depends on the duration and temperature at which it as heated. The tile may be glazed and may be applied surface texture treatments. As a result, a variety of styles, finishes, colors and profiles is available to the construction industry. To further expound the featured material this paper is divided into categories in which focuses on one particular major detail. The categories are as follows: (a) Manufacturing (b) Installation (c) Safety Requirements (d) Maintenance and (e) Cost.
A. Manufacturing
The first step is to get a right raw material. Clay mixture is made from several deposits and big rocks are removed. The mixture will be transported to the processing plant by a conveyer truck.
Second step is the drying process. The clay will be smashed by a grinder into small particle until it becomes a fine powder to produce a homogeneous texture. Next is to pass to wet clay through the fine screen press where clay is rolled in a mill like baking dough. The clay will come out from a large extruder press on a conveyor belt, the clay becomes raw clot. Afterwards,
lightweight, water –resistant, with high tear strength, there is no applicable ASTM standard for this product. To add, synthetic underlayment does not meet the building code requirement.
- Securement method
There are a lot of securement methods. Different types and combinations of these methods are used for various types of roof tiles also. Upon selecting a method, one must consider these conditions: wind, seismic movement, building code, deck type, local practices, and manufacturer recommendation.
- Nails— is the most common method. Nail heads should be low-profile, smooth and flat. Shanks should be barbed or otherwise deformed for added pull-out strength. Nails should be long enough to penetrate through all layers of roofing materials and extend through the underside of the roof deck or penetrate at least 3/4 inch into wood plank or board decks.
- Wire tie and strapping systems—Hanging tile with wire is used on non-nail able decks, insulated decks or where fastening through metal flashings needs to be avoided.
- Clips—Nose or butt clips sometimes are used in conjunction with other attachment methods in high-wind or seismic areas.
- Lug-hung-tile—Many types of tile have formed undersides near their heads that may be hung over a batten. Lug hanging tile usually is used in combination with other securement methods.
- Bedding Tile—Laying tile in a bed of mortar of foam adhesive is common in some areas of North America where freeze/thaw conditions are not encountered. Bedding often is used in combination with other securement methods.
- Flashing
Pieces of metal, built into the joints of a wall, so as to lap over the edge of the gutters or to cover the edge of the roofing; also, similar pieces used to cover the valleys of roofs of slate, shingles, or the like. By extension, the metal covering of
ridges and hips of roofs; also, in the United States, the protecting of angles and breaks in walls of frame houses with waterproof material, tarred paper, or the like.
- (^) Mortar
When mortar is used to install the tiles, be sure to obtain a medium consistency so it can be manageable and easy to apply. Install the mortar at the outer end of the first ridge tile. Pack the mortar under the outer edge of the tile to fill the gap at the tile and batten. Smooth it with the trowel. Keep adding mortar along the lower edges of the ridge tiles at each side. Install mortar at the outer end of the tile at the opposite end of the ridge. Be sure to apply enough mortar where the ridge tiles meet at the center point of the ridge. Place a key ridge tile at the center of the ridge and remove the excess mortar with the trowel.
C. Safety Requirements
The typical safety requirement needed for roofing is PPE or personal protective equipment. Along with a skilled learned from TESDA Training, hazard assessment process is done to identify the required PPE for a specific field work such as roofing. Below are examples of equipment used for roofing:
copper strip up with a twofold thickness of the copper over the tile. A slate snare or "shiver" can be utilized as a part of the same way. This affixing framework works set up of nails.
In cases where a temporary solution must be applied to the structure to prevent further damage on the roof, plywood sheets, plastic, roll roofing or roofing felt can serve as short term protection until the repair is done. Another option is to apply polyethylene sheeting over the entire roof using scaffoldings. It covers up the roofing member under repair. Plus, it allows natural sunlight to pass through the workspace or area of the laborers. It is convenient for wet and dry condition.
E. Cost
Buying clay roofing tiles adds style to any home. It gives an elegant architectural accent to the structure. Not only that, the material is durable, fire-safe, mold free, not color fading. There are a lot of styles to choose, from traditional to modern. Compared to other roofing tiles, clay roofing tiles last for 75 years or more.
The cost of clay roofing tile in the Philippines ranges from Php 61.60 to Php 71.00 per sq. m. But prices will change depending on the plan specification required. Whether the tile is glazed colored, custom-shaped, with or without asphalt shingles, or standard shapes, the price will be higher or lower. Also if the installation is complex such as steep slope or multiple levels the cost may increase.
Additional cost may apply in some case. If the replacement of the clay roofing tile is lighter, there is a need to consult of for a building engineer. He will inspect the supports of the roof reinforced because originally, roof tiles are heavy. Service charge will be added to the total cost of installation.
When buying clay roofing tiles, canvass or ask for a quote that includes repairs and upgrades on the roof structure. Check if the company selling the material is registered at DTI. In addition, there are two warranties to take note. First, the manufacturer’s warranty that covers defects found. Second, the contractor’s warranty, it covers the workmanship of the contractor. There is no limit to the warranty duration, the contractor may offer one to two years of coverage.
Conclusion
Exploring the life of clay roofing tiles from its origin to the point of purchase, there have been advantages and disadvantages identified:
Advantage
First and probably the best asset of clay tiles is durability. It can last over 100 years. It is not prone to molding and rotting. It can also withstand hurricane winds and it does not shrink or expand when exposed to temperature change. As a result it is cost efficient.
Second, advantage is its available variety. Unlike regular shingles, clay roofing tiles can be ordered in different shapes, sizes and color. The house owner has the liberty to further create a more appealing style or design for the roofing system.
Third, clay roofing tiles lack thermal conductivity. In short it is fire-resistant. According to California Energy Commission Public Interest Research (PIER) clay tiles contains complex inorganic color pigments that boost their reflectance in the infrared spectrum. The color is permanent; it does not face over time. The roof tile served as solar reflector, deflecting the heat away from the structure. Plus, its life span is very long.
At the U.S. Department of Energy, Dr. William Miller tested the clay tile roofing system by measuring the amount of ventilation between the roof deck and the roof tile. According to him, “the clay roof tile showed up to 70% heat reduction entering the house as compared to roofs with asphalt shingles. Thermal mass, along with solar reflectance and recyclable properties, make clay roof tile an environmentally-friendly product. After a long and useful life, clay roof tiles are harmless to the environment and can be recycled for new applications”
Lastly, it is easy to maintain because a damage tile can be replaced. And availability in the market is not a problem.
Disadvantages
For civil engineers, value engineering plays an important role in selecting material and equipment to purchase that is why the first disadvantage of clay roofing tile is cost. The material is expensive compared to other roofing material. Although its lifespan is over 75 years, and
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(June 2012 ) Best practice guidelines for working on roofs. Retrieved from: http:// www.business.govt.nz/worksafe/information-guidance/all-guidance-items/best-practice- guidelines-for-working-on-roofs/roofs-best-practice.pdf
Tile roof cost. Retrieved from: http://home.costhelper.com/tile-roof.html
Millican, B. (June 16, 2010). What’s the best material for roofing? Retrieved from: http:// www.inliving.com.au/home.php?id=
What’s on your roof? Retrieved from: http://www.demesne.info/Improve-Your-Home/ Roofing.htm
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Lawson, K. () Clay Tile Roofing. Retrieved from: http://www.selfhelpandmore.com/building/ roofing/types/clay-tile.php
Videos:
Installation…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOQxbcZkqxA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiMuxdtFZxA
Manufacturing…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08YOdwFf7hc
