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CJE Pharmacology Review Notes
1. Antibiotic/Antibacterial Medications: 1. Tetracyclines (-cycline): doxycycline, tetracycline
2. Sulfonamides (sulf-): sulfasalazine
3. Cephalosporins (-cef, ceph-): cefazolin, cephalexin
4. Penicillins (-cillin): ampicillin, oxacillin
5. Aminoglycosides/Macrolides (-micin, -mycin): gentamicin, erythromycin
6. Fluoroquinolones (-floxacin): ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
2. Antiviral Medications: 1. Antiviral Undefined Group (vir-, -vir): oseltamivir, zanamivir
2. Antiviral Anti-Herpes Virus Agents (-clovir): acyclovir, famiciclovir
3. Antiretrovirals Protease Inhibitors (-navir): atazanavir, nelfinavir
4. HIV/AIDS (-vudine): zidovudine, stavudine
3. Antifungal Medications: 1. Antifungal (-azole): fluconazole, voriconazole
4. Anesthetics/Anti-Anxiety Medications: 1. Local Anesthetics (-caine): lidocaine, bupivacaine
2. Barbiturates CNS Depressant (-barbital): amobarbital, secobarbital
3. Benzodiazepines for Anxiety/Sedation (-zolam, -zepam): alprazolam, lorazepam
5. Antidepressant Medications: 1. SSRIs (-oxetine, -talopram, -zodone): fluoxetine, escitalopram, vila- zodone
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2. SNRIs/DNRIs (-faxine, -zodone, -nacipram): venlafaxine, nefaxodone, milnacipran
3. Tricyclic antidepressants TCAs (-triptyline, -pramine): amitriptyline, clomipramine
6. Analgesics/Opioid Medications: 1. Opioids (-done, -one): oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, codeine
2. NSAIDs (-profen): ibuprofen, fenoprofen
3. Salicylates: aspirin
4. Nonsalicylates: acetaminophen
7. Upper Respiratory Medications: 1. H1 Antagonists Second-Gen Antihistamines (-tadine, -tirizine): loratadine, desloratadine,
cetirizine, levoceirizine
- Nasal decongestants (-ephrine, -zoline): phenylephrine, naphazoline, oxymetazoline
8. Lower Respiratory Medications: 1. Beta2-Agonists Brochodilators (-terol): albuterol, levalbuterol
2. Xathine Derivatives Bronchodilators (-phylline): aminophylline, dyphylline
3. Cholinergic blockers (-tropium): tiotropium
4. Immunomodulators/Leukotriene Modifiers (-zumab, -lukast): reslizumab, montelukast
9. Gastrointestinal Medications: 1. Histamine H2 antagonists H2-Blockers (-tidine): cimetidine, famoti- dine
- Proton Pump Inhibitors PPIs (-prazole): omeprazole, pantoprazole
10. Antidiabetic Medications: 1. Thiazolidinedione (-glitazone): rosiglitazone, pioglitazone
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2. Triptans anti-migraine (-triptan)
3. Ergotamines anti-migraine (-ergot-)
4. Antiseptics (-chlor): chlorhexidine
5. Biophosphonates (-dronate): risedronate, alendronate
6. Neuromuscular blockers (-nium): vecuronium, rocuronium
7. Retinoids anti-acne (tretin-): tretinoin
8. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (-afil): tadalafil
9. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (-lamide, -amide): acetazolamide
15. Therapeutic Level of Digoxin: 0.5-2.
16. Therapeutic Level of Lithium: 0.6-1.
17. Therapeutic Level of Magnesium Sulfate: 4- 7
18. Antidote for Opioids/Narcotics (ex. oxycodone): Naloxone (Narcan)
19. Antidote for Warfarin (Coumadin): Vitamin K
20. Antidote for Heparin: Protamine Sulfate
21. Antidote for Digoxin: Digifab or Digibind
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22. Antidote for Benzodiazepines: Flumazenil (Romazicon)
23. Antidote for Magnesium Sulfate: Calcium Gluconate
24. Antidote for Beta Blockers (ex. metoprolol): Glucagon
25. Antidote for Alcohol Withdrawal: Librium
26. Antidote for Calcium Channel Blockers: Glucagon, Insulin, or Calcium
27. Antidote for Aspirin: Sodium Bicarbonate
28. Actions of Salicylates (ex. Aspirin): - Analgesic/Antipyretic
- Anti-inflammatory
- Anticoagulant
29. Uses of Salicylates (ex. Aspirin): - For mild/moderate pain
- Decrease body temp
- Inflammatory conditions such as RA or OA
- Reduce risk of clots (MIs and CVAs)
30. Side Effects of Salicylates (ex. Aspirin): - GI UPSET
- Heartburn
- N/V
- GI bleeding
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37. Antidote for Nonsalicylates: Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
38. Action for NSAIDs: - Anti-inflammatory
39. Uses for NSAIDs: - Mild/moderate pain
- Menstrual cramps
- Reduce fever
- Musculoskeletal disorders (OA or RA)
40. Contraindications for NSAIDs: - Hypersensitivity
- Clients with clots
- Clients with liver, kidney, and bleeding disorders
41. Side Effects for NSAIDs: - GI upset (N/V, abdominal pain, anorexia)
- Heart (HTN and HF)
- Kidney (nephrotoxic)
- Blood clots (stroke)
42. Which medications do we "BAN" from asthma patients?: B - Beta Blockers A -
Aspirin
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43. What do opioid analgesics do?: CNS depressant
- NOT USED FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY OR ANTI-PYRETIC (not for fevers or inflammatory conditions)
44. Side Effects of Opioid Analgesics: - Reduced GI function (constipation)
- Decrease in vital signs
- Decrease in CNS functions (sedation, insomnia, weakness, dizziness)
- Pruritus (itching)
- Nausea
- Burning sensation
45. When do you STOP opioid analgesics?: - Respiratory depression (RR < 12)
46. Nursing Considerations for Opioid Analgesics: - Prevent constipation (exercise, fiber, laxa- tives)
- Orthostatic hypotension risk
- Take PO opioids WITH FOOD to decrease GI upset
47. Action for Sulfonamides & Fluoroquinolones (sulfa-, -floxacin): - UTIs (E. coli)
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- Respiratory infections
- UTIs
- Bone infections
53. Side Effects for Cephalosporins: - GI UPSET
- Nephrotoxicity
- Aplastic Anemia
- Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)
54. Nursing Considerations for Cephalosporins: - DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL
- Make oral contraceptive inettective
55. Action/Uses of Tetracyclines (-cycline): - Skin infection/severe acne
56. Side Effects of Tetracyclines: - GI DISTRESS
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- Photosensitivity reaction
57. Nursing Considerations for Tetracyclines: - SUNBLOCK
- Make oral contraceptives inettective
- TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH WITH WATER
- Sit up for 30 min after taking
- Avoid calcium/dairy products CONTRAINDICATED IN LACTATION " Tetracyclines think TOXIC to fetus"
58. Uses/Action for Aminoglycosides (-mycin): BACTERIACIDAL KILLS
- Bowel preparation
- Hepatic coma
59. Side Effects of Aminoglycosides (-mycin): - GI DISTRESS
- Rash/hives AMINOglycosides are A MEAN antibiotic due to:
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ototoxicity
- Neurotoxicity
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POTASSIUM WASTING
NEVER GIVE K+ IV PUSH
DO NOT GIVE W SULFA ALLERGY
62. Osmotic Diuretic (mannitol): - Cerebral edema
- DECREASE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (IOP) Edema, blurred vision, urinary retension ONLY GIVEN IV MAY CRYSTALLIZE NEURO ASSESSMENT
63. DIURESIS THE BODY: Diuretics = diuresis = dry inside
64. K+ Sparing Diuretics (spironolactone "S think sparing"): SPARES POTASSIUM
- Cross-sex hormonal therapy (spironolactone inhibits testosterone)
- Hypertension
- Hypokalemia HYPERKALEMIA
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DIARRHEA
GYNECOMASTIA (enlargement of breasts in men) AVOID EATING FOODS HIGH IN POTASSIUM MONITOR K+ LEVELS
65. Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs (-statin): - Hyperlipidemia (lowers cholestrol)
- PREGNANCY CATEGORY X
- Monitor for signs of RHABDOMYLOLYSIS (kidney damage)
66. LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein BAD CHOLESTEROL
67. HDL: High Density Lipoprotein HAPPY CHOLESTEROL
68. Antihypertensives (Ace Inhibitors -pril): - Hypertension and HF
A - Angioedema C
- Cough DRY E - Elevated K+ MONITOR FOR SWELLING
69. Antihypertensives (Beta Blockers -olol): - Hypertension, stable angina, HF, dysrhythmias
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FOR BLEEDING
72. Anticoagulants (Heparin): SHORT-TERM THERAPY
- NOT GIVEN PO SAFE DURING PREGNANCY Antidote: Protamine Sulfate
73. Cardiac Glycosides (DIGOXIN): - HF, cardiogenic shock, antiarrythmic (a-fib)
TOXICITY
- GI symptoms (N/V, diarrhea)
- Visual symptoms (yellow/green vision, halo, blurred)
- Neurological symptoms (headache) MEASURE APICAL PULSE FOR 1 MIN BEFORE ADMIN Hold med if:
- adults - <60 bpm
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- children - <70 bpm
- infants - <90-110 bpm
74. Antianginals (Nitroglycerin): - Angina (chest pain), prevent attacks, acute coronary
THE H'S
- Headache
- Hypotension
- Hot flushing of face DO NOT TAKE WITH PDE OR ED DRUGS DILATES vessels and DECREASE BP 1 tab sublingual every 5 minutes up to 3 doses
75. Corticosteroids (-asone): ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
- COPD, RA, lupus RINSE MOUTH RISK OF CANDIDIASIS
76. Bronchodilators (SABA and LABA) -terol: SABA - short acting (ex. albuterol)
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TOXICITY
- Tinnitus
- Convulsions
- Blurred vision
- Confusion
- Coma CONTRAINFICATED IN PREGNANCY/BREASTFEEDING AVOID NSAIDS DEHYDRATED PATIENTS
80. Antidepressants (SSRIs) - talopram, - oxetine: - Depression, anxiety, OCD, eating disorders
The S's of SSRIs
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Sexual dysfunction
- Stomach issues
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- Mental changes, increased BP and temp, tightness in muscles, diflculty walking FIRST LINE FOR DEPRESSION May take 4-6 weeks for ettects and take in the AM
81. Antidepressants (SNRIs/DNRIs) - faxine, buproprion: - Depressive episodes, anxiety disorders,
fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy pain Make take 4-6 weeks for ettects DO NOT MIX WITH TCAs or MAOIs
82. Antidepressants (TCAs) -triptyline, -pramine: - Depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, OCD, neuropathy,
enuresis May take 2-3 weeks WAIT 14 days after being ott MAOIs
83. Antidepressants (MAOIs) -promine, phenelzine: DEPRESSION RISK
FOR HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
Can take 4 weeks AVOID FOODS WITH TYRAMINE (aged cheese, fermented, chocolate, catteine, yogurt)
84. Antianxiety (Anxiolytics) -zolam, -zepam - BENZODIAZEPINES: - Bipolar disorder, seizures,
