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CLA 210 NCSU EXAM 1 HEINEN FINAL SCRIPT
2026 COMPLETE SOLUTION SET
โ ionic bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the attraction b/n oppositely charged ions
- extreme differences in electronegativity (ex. NaCl -- Cl- takes extra electron from Na+) โ ions. Answer: positively/negatively charged atoms (ex. H+) โ hydrogen bond. Answer: chemical bond resulting from the interaction b/n a Hydrogen atom (H+) w/ a slight positive charge & an electronegative atom of another molecule (ex. water) โ electronegativity. Answer: ability of atoms to attract electrons
- increases across a row in PT
- electrons held more tightly as # protons increase โ 3 unusual properties of water. Answer: 1. polar molecule --> good solvent
- resistant to temperature change
- forms hydrogen bonds โ how do hydrogen bonds contribute to the unique qualities of water?. Answer: cohesion --> water molecules stick together (surface tension)
- water movement in plants
- more hydrogen bonds in ice (less dense) than liquid water --> ice floats (lakes freeze to protect fish, polar bears use ice as hunting platforms) โ hydrophillic. Answer: "water-loving"
- positive & negative charge
- polar โ hydrophobic. Answer: "water-fearing"
- no positive & negative charge (neutral)
- nonpolar โ hydrophobic effect. Answer: exclusion of nonpolar molecules by polar molecules--tendency of nonpolar molecules to self-associate in water rather than dissolve individually (ex. cell membranes, folding of proteins)
โ functional group. Answer: groups of one or more atoms that have particular chemical properties
- attaches to carbon core of polymers
- often polar โ examples of functional groups. Answer: amine, amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, ketone, phosphate, sulfhydryl, methyl โ carbohydrate. Answer: principle energy source for metabolism
- makes up the cell wall
- composed of C, H, & O atoms (ex. C6H12O6) โ if monosaccharide is the monomer, what is the polymer?. Answer: disaccharide trisaccharide polysaccharide โ saccharide. Answer: simple sugars; simplest carbohydrates
- linear or cyclic molec w/ 5 or 6 carbon atoms โ monosaccharide. Answer: simplest sugar
โ disaccharide. Answer: 2 simple sugars linked by a covalent bond โ polysaccharide. Answer: polymer of many simple sugars โ complex carbohydrate. Answer: long, branched chains of monosaccharides โ glycosidic bond. Answer: covalent bond that attaches monosaccharides together to form complex carbohydrates โ nucleic acid. Answer: encodes & transmits genetic info โ if nucleotide is the monomer, what is the polymer?. Answer: DNA RNA nucleic acid โ DNA. Answer: deoxyribonucleic acid
- genetic material of all organisms โ RNA. Answer: ribonucleic acid
- protein synthesis & gene expression
โ in a nucleotide, to which carbon in the sugar is the phosphodiester bond attached to?. Answer: 3' โ which part of a nucleotide is primarily responsible for the "acid" characteristic of deoxyribonucleic acid?. Answer: phosphate group โ 4 bases found in DNA. Answer: 1. Adenine
- Thymine
- Guanine
- Cytosine โ phosphodiester bond. Answer: covalent bond that joins nucleotides
- C-O-P-O-C linkage
- sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA strand
- gives strand polarity
- 5' vs. 3' โ double helix. Answer: 2 strands of complementary nucleotides that coil around each other
- bases point inward
โ sugar-phosphate backbone. Answer: the alternating chain of sugar & phosphate to which the DNA & RNA nitrogenous bases are attached
- wraps like a ribbon โ antiparallel. Answer: referring to the arrangement of the sugar- phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5'- 3' directions) โ adenine. Answer: base that pairs with thymine in DNA โ thymine. Answer: base that pairs with adenine in DNA โ guanine. Answer: base that pairs with cytosine in DNA โ cytosine. Answer: base pairs with guanine in DNA โ what type of bond forms b/n complementary bases?. Answer: hydrogen bonds โ base stacking. Answer: stabilizing interactions b/n bases in the same strand of DNA
- flat surface of bases is nonpolar
โ translation. Answer: synthesis of a polypeptide chain corresponding to the coding sequence present in a molecule of messenger RNA โ RNA is ____ stranded while DNA is ____ stranded. Answer: single, double โ uracil. Answer: a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) & derived from pyrimidine
- takes the place of thymine in DNA โ is RNA short or long?. Answer: short โ is DNA short or long?. Answer: long โ ribose sugar vs. deoxyribose. Answer: ribose: OH on 2' C deoxyribose: H on 2' C โ protein. Answer: structural support, catalysts for chemical rxns โ if amino acid is the monomer, what is the polymer?. Answer: protein
โ 5 structural parts of an amino acid. Answer: 1. alpha carbon
- amino group
- carboxyl group
- R group
- hydrogen atom โ peptide bond. Answer: covalent bond that links the carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of another amino acid โ which parts of an amino acid would participate in the formation of peptide bond?. Answer: amino group & carboxyl group โ polypeptide. Answer: polymer of amino acids connected by peptide bonds โ amino end. Answer: the end that has a free amino group โ carboxyl end. Answer: the end that has a free carboxyl group
โ glycine. Answer: R group is H, symmetric, nonpolar, small, increases rotation of C-N bond & flexibility of polypeptide backbone โ proline. Answer: R group linked, restricts rotation, folding constraints โ cysteine. Answer: R group can form S-S disulfide bonds, cross- bridges that connect same or diff proteins FACE AWAY FROM EACH OTHER โ 4 levels of structure for protein folding. Answer: 1. primary structure
- secondary structure
- tertiary structure
- quaternary structure โ primary structure. Answer: sequence of amino acids โ secondary structure. Answer: either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
- stabilized by hydrogen folding โ alpha helix. Answer: right-handed coil
- hydrogen bonds in b/n carbonyl & amino groups
- R groups project outwards โ beta sheet. Answer: pleated sheet
- hydrogen bonds across chains run antiparallel
- R groups alternate above & below โ tertiary structure. Answer: 3-D conformation
- several secondary structures
- distribution & interaction of R groups = important
- ionic & hydrogen bonds
- Van der Waals forces
- hydrophobic interactions
- disulfide S-S bridges โ quaternary structure. Answer: interaction of individual polypeptides
- complex of protein subunits w/ tertiary structure
- function depends on structure โ denatured. Answer: unfolding of proteins by chemical treatment or high temperature
โ hydrocarbon. Answer: molecule comprised entirely of carbon & hydrogen โ glycerol. Answer: 3-carbon molecule w/ OH groups attached to each carbon โ saturated fatty acid. Answer: does not contain double bonds
- max # of H atoms attached to C atoms
- chains are STRAIGHT โ unsaturated fatty acid. Answer: contains carbon=carbon double bonds
- chains are KINKED โ Van der Waals forces. Answer: weak binding of temporarily polarized molecules because of attraction of opposite charges
- constant motion of electrons lead to regions of slight + & slight - charge โ steroid. Answer: type of lipid w/ a core of 20 carbon atoms bonded to form 4 fused rings
โ cholesterol. Answer: component of animal cell membranes
- precursor for synthesis of hormones (estrogen/testosterone) โ phospholipids. Answer: lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids & a phosphate group โ ester bond. Answer: bond that connects the glycerol & fatty acid in fat molecules โ what causes fats to solidify at cooler temperatures?. Answer: Van der Waals forces โ
