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A = 6 “dh Notes by Phagya Shree Write in brief 1. Write a note on: a) Guiseppe Mazzini b) Count Camilo de Cavour c) The Greek War of independence d) Frankfurt parliament e) The role of women in nationalist struggles Born in Genoa in 1807, he was an Italian revolutionary.He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently foundeditwomore underground societies :- Ist -Young Italy in Marseilles 2nd -Young Europe in Berne; 5 98a thdtibers were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. Thisunification alone,could besthe basis ofitalian Liberty. Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. b aq a Shree Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognisediGreecelasian! ‘independent nation. e) Frankfurt Parliament In the German regions a large number of politicians associations whose members were professionals, lawyers, businessmen, middle-class liberals and prosperous articians came together in theeityoftPrankfungand decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their place in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the GHUFCHIOnm stiPaull They draftedalconstitution for thelGerman Nation to beheaded by a monarchy subject to a parliament. When the deputiestofferedsthercrown on these terms to FrednchiWilhelmily, KingiofPrussia) hewejectedsandjoinedothertuonarchs|to oppose the elected assembly results social basis of parliament eroded. In the end the assembly was forced te disband. The monarchs and aristocracy regained power and crushed the revolution. In 1849, thePATManVeHEWErGissolved, and its GMorts failed Though it failed, the Frankfurt Parliament was a symbol of German unity and liberal ideas. It iispireditiitureimiovements for German unification under Prussian leadership (which succeeded in 1871). f) The role of women in nationalist struggles In the 19th century, women played a vital role in nationalist movements across Europe, even though they were largely denied political rights. ZB aq a Shree Women established their own political clubs and newspapers, especially during revolutions like the French Revolution of 1789. During the Revolution of 1848 in Europe, women participated in large numbers, demanding equal political rights such as the right to vote, but their demands were mostly ignored. Ironically, while women were used symbolically to represent the nation as in 18th and 19th century “Motherland” or “Marianne” (France), "Germania’(German) these allegory invented by artists to portray in real politics, even after they were excluded from voting rights and leadership. 2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people ? From the beginning the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of :- an emphasised the notion of alunited Community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, the iricolour was chosen to replace the fromer royal standards. The Estates Generals was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of th i i ini i s put in place and it formulated . Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of wights and measures was adopted. The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of tne French nation toliberat the people of Europe tom despots Shag vie | On the bitterlyleoldimoming of 18Vanwary 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including Otto Von Bismark gathered in Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the REWIGEttitan empire headed by Kaiser Wiliam Of Prussia. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal, and judicial system in Germany. 5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories rules by him ? Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France. The Civil Code of 1804 - usually knows as the Napoleon code- did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. This code was exported to the regions under French control; In the Dutch republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, {abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another. Bhagya shrew dd 
