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Ecosystem Components and Interactions Trophic Levels in Food Chain Producers (plants) are the first level Primary consumers (herbivores) are the second level Secondary consumers (carnivores that eat herbivores) are the third level Tertiary consumers (carnivores that eat other carnivores) are the fourth level Unidirectional Nature of Food Chain Energy and nutrients flow in one direction from producers to higher level consumers Biomagnification in Food Chain Contaminants can become more concentrated as they move up the food chain Can have negative effects on top level consumers and ecosystem health Food Pyramid Representation Graphical representation of the biomass or number of organisms at each trophic level Biodegradable and Non- Biodegradable Substances Biodegradable substances can be broken down by organisms into simple compounds Non-biodegradable substances cannot be broken down and can accumulate in the environment Methods of Waste Disposal Recycling: processing of waste into new products Landfill: burying waste in the ground Composting: breaking down organic waste into fertilizer Ozone Layer and Stratosphere The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone (O,) It absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting life on Earth Ecosystems and UV Radiation UV radiation can have negative effects on ecosystems, including DNA damage and reduced growth and reproduction in plants and animals Disposal and Management of Waste Proper disposal and management of waste is important to prevent negative impacts on the environment and human health Importance of Decomposers in Ecosystems Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) break down dead organisms and waste, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem Environmental Impact of Non- Biodegradable Substances Non-biodegradable substances can accumulate in the environment, causing negative impacts on ecosystems and human health Skin Cancer and Protection Overexposure to UV radiation can cause skin cancer Protect yourself by wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and sunglasses Energy Transfer in Food Chain Energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next through consumption Only about 10% of the energy is transferred, so higher level consumers have less energy available to them Formation and Depletion of Ozone Layer Formed through the interaction of UV radiation with molecular oxygen (0,) Depleted by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere. Biodegradable and Non- Biodegradable Substances Biodegradable substances can be broken down by organisms into simple compounds Non-biodegradable substances cannot be broken down and can accumulate in the environment Methods of Waste Disposal Recycling: processing of waste into new products Landfill: burying waste in the ground Composting: breaking down organic waste into fertilizer Ozone Layer and Stratosphere The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone (O,) It absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, protecting life on Earth Ecosystems and UV Radiation UV radiation can have negative effects on ecosystems, including DNA damage and reduced growth and reproduction in plants and animals Ecosystem Components Biotic components: living organisms in an ecosystem Abiotic components: non-living physical and chemical components, such as temperature, light, and water Types of Ecosystems Natural: forests, grasslands, deserts, oceans Artificial: agriculture, cities, gardens Food Chain: Energy Transfer and Representation Represents the flow of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to the next Law of 10% energy transfer: only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next level Environmental Changes and Adaptations Organisms can adapt to changes in their environment through natural selection Biomagnification and Trophic Levels Contaminants can become more concentrated as they move up the food chain Formation and Depletion of Ozone Layer Formed through the interaction of UV radiation with molecular oxygen (0,) Depleted by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere. 
