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This is fully covered by class 11 physics short formulas from every chapters
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A boat or man in a river always moves in the direction of resultant velocity of velocity of boat (or man) and velocity of river flow.
SPRING FORCE: is displacement of the free end from its natural length or deformation of the spring where K = spring constant.
Components of velocity along the perpendicular direction to the contact plane of the two objects is always equal if there are no deformations and they remain in contact. NEWTON’S LAW FOR NON INERTIAL FRAME : (a) Inertial reference frame: Frame of reference moving with constant velocity. (b) Non-inertial reference frame: A frame of reference moving with non-zero acceleration.
Friction force is of two types. (a) Kinetic (b) Static KINETIC FRICTION : The proportionality constant k is called the coefficient of kinetic friction and its value depends on the nature of the two surfaces in contact. STATIC FRICTION :
It exists between the two surfaces when there is tendency of relative motion but no relative motion along the two contact surfaces. This means static friction is a variable and self adjusting force. However it has a maximum value called limiting friction.
Second law of Thermodynamics ● Kelvin- Planck Statement It is impossible to construct an engine, operating in a cycle, which will produce no effect other than extracting heat from a reservoir and performing an equivalent amount of work. ● Rudlope Classius Statement It is impossible to make heat flow from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without doing external work on the working substance Efficiency of Carnot Engine (1) Operation I (Isothermal Expansion) (2) Operation II (Adiabatic Expansion) (3) Operation III (Isothermal Compression) (4) Operation IV (Adiabatic Compression)