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DHAIRAV ACADEMY | Jee @ R i» Ng amed Reactions for NEET 2026 me i em ew eM eM ew eM mM eM ew eB ew ew eM eS SK = 'L) Finkelstein Reachion: This reachon used for the preparahion of ‘odoalkanes Ne ee ne ee ee ee ee from the cores ponding Chloe alkane ay bromoalkane K-X +NaI — AI + NQxX Gus-G +t NAL ——? GXe-I + NaCl are healed m the presence OF metallic fluoride such QS AgF, Hg, F,, Cof,. R-X + AQF ——? R-F +AGK Gs-Gr + AGE ——> Gis-@ + Agby give hydyocavbon containing double the no of caxbou atom present m alkyl halide R-X +2NQa4K-QR Gy Chee Oe 4 eNax CNe-CL FRNA +U-CoWe Sykther, Canio +enac —_—— oo —— eee yeack wilh sodium in Me presence oF Aves CtHhav tn Aivo alloul awouno 4 PAGE NOTES OF General Elechonic Conte. (n-d)d'4? ngo-2 MPL ZEAE High due to Shong metallic bond. Strength of metallic pond due to unpaired «© f Atomisation High due to Strong interatomic inleractig Oxidahioy Stok- Variable Oxidohion state cite 40 barheipahion of 14 ne and (n-i)d elechons CHigheot in ad Seriéo Mud ‘Atomic Radit - pecreases gr0m Left te right, m midway size Kemaine = and in the end of series size increases, PRMATION foym complex due to high nuclear charge, Amalt bize metal ions and Qvailabil’ty of empty d- orbital accept tone paix ‘of e© donated by |i 9ands foxm coloured compounclo due to d-d trangihion ,due to unpaised e&. : (Alloy Fovmation pur to Ammalt ginilar alomic nadii, alm of one metal can easily replace the atom of other metat. COh be edsily accommodoled. : “Magnetic Properti¢a Transit metal tan and ihein compounds ve Ptvawag nek’ dus to preoente of unpaired €© fa (nid orbitele anol it & calculated by using formula & BY aber g unpaired C2 Oxideo im heghes Oxidation stale ave acidic, lower oxidahon state are Basic ‘whereas im the intermediale oxi. sale ave amphoteric a +4 «t Iino MingO4 MnO, “Mn, oxunn . Acidic Basic Arrlphoter c maa ALA voy at ai " | o- — C { ; _ Vie | -Crnmmalieion Na,Cr,04 Mts k,¢r,0, - Me ey ga 4 AN Crdd 2 Cv,0; or K, C704 — K, C7, 07 ivter, Yellows Orange - st re a Oxidising: hit —5 gMt Att —> Feit = x 39% Solidl, oxidising ageut having m-pt 240°C nd Aprolucite f/\ "he [Kou+o, At Ti, nd, | +> [IK MnO, | fot Mangannte ——_—Got- Fexmaygovate MnQ> + 2H,0 + 5eO —> Mn, + 40H" Mnd, + KMnOy Madge CPevmanganole Le] rr (no + Sut +5 —5mme*t 4UHO = - . —P It oxidise fe** — fe Oxalic aud — ( +H.0 ls s 1-105 bial
Mnd, 5207 — S0¥* rot, ho, — oy SO, Met —» (nd, Cihioshibedle 42 sa Sulphate ~aAlTC IN’ ast e@ enter my St orbited ‘Guuse= 4t ovbitab have very poor shieldig effec Left to right nucleay charge inuemes and radline dese mee if. of Ge ehemenk becomes differ because thet %& small difference in theix propeshir. “4d aud Sd tawibion sevieo have same Qlowic Radu * Basic chavatler % hychoxides 4 Lanthanoides cleneaces Diffevence bf | lanthanoiolo — a JeThey exhibit mainly +20:S mm They exhibit +2 oxt. shale addition they show +Qand m Qddlihiow they Show | + Meir Compounds are +4 Oxidohow Atale tH, 48 tO +F Ox Stade o They Show Lauthavoid They Show ActPnoid Conbachou Conhachiou © Most jome 4, Lauthanoith Mast iow ¢ Ach noid Gre Colousles are Coloured. * lessey tendency tm form Greater 4endency t y Complex fom comple = They A6dnot Give Oxo = * They Give Ox0Cakious Cohiona f. C4 Uo;*, fugit en. ¢ Gheis Compouns fess Goic Qe more asic They ave Non- sadlioachie + Thy Qve Kadlioache CE Keim Prometfuw) EL PAGE =NOTES OF Addition Compounds- formed by combination of tWo Os more Simple Compounds Double Salt Co-ovdlination Cormpourol which Ai ssociale conplelely —yetain ts tdenhty both ei its ae a va Solid state Qnel ta Solution oe ENS hack ohm °F (Conti, J** NERNER THEORY - explain the nature of bonding 'n” Cortolexes, metal Chow two kind of Valen ties Non-direchonal and [oni sable Direchonal and non-iowsable and enuat to oxi. stale of It *% equakt to the Cordis Cevbal Metal iou nunber of meted UGANDS thee are atom, ion ov molecule ushfch donate lore paiy of C© to Cenhal metal alom. ry UN (HE tve ligandlo Neurtad |90KAla CN’ FU, NQ>NO,t, NOt, H,0:, WH, , Co: NOS, Oh", O° Nyt CH, WH, BASIS OF NUMBER OF DONOR SITES Monodentale == Gidektate More than +0 Only One donor Two clonor Sile Site donor sile ot Os cOO" c OS00" Ho:, NK hyo: Oxaloto on LN ScHcoe" cH NH, Ethylene Cu, - nc CH Coo- CH-NH, amine CH,C00- EDTA which form ‘Mot Hah one Coordinate bond fn Such a yet that Q xing 's fortneo| D- Monodewate Ligand ushith contam more than one co onda alow, M « SCN iol eats pga MeNcS M<-nc — [SOMERISM : Two or more Substance have AQme Molecular formula but aiffesent Chructuxe ox Spahal avrangemert ave called isomers Structural Ispmericm * Tonisation 7 Wydyate » Clo Br (Ny) J S04. (cr (H9),J a, Clo $04 (Nic JGr ZA Utnixage ces Os Ole Lo Lv ee eeu) (Co CN, (NH) JC (Co Lone) (NHs)¢ JO Clo Coma CERN MELS Geometrical rh Thio isomerism Qvise¢ as * tes aut occuby due to non super‘ mpocable Gdjatew ag uby Yalvros (mag eo Lt Trans ~ Same s _ Only in octahedrol£ comple ye Opposite sion ie 2 ox3 bidentate | gad im Square Planar In Ocrahed ad Pe et Tyan, MA. Xo lini, Cophcably Active) Conary MARKS MAaX, MAGK, €$ (Code, Cenjt MA, KY a 0G | yar u we Lis mM AAXY = = Sot a. a Sool. SPECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (nd / a a@, = Aunege nee: oF ligands in the oxdey of increasing field Shrengh wea etd Tncreaste Order shong feld liganels 4 CFSE Che) ligando Td@y-< seune KOK SKF CK OK K OX ¢ HOOK Nes’ < edta” ¢ NH, < en (NO, . of the d-orbital in “>. 3/5 A spherical crystal field ~~, spherical crystal field >>, ‘«y z ™ \ . 9 al ri) eee See nave ST ag- 6 ‘DiITare x x Y x Z d. d, 4, df a? y Zz iz Y Y It BoP, & low Sehr Coupley 1 tamed. You can donate Solution It is @ homogeneous mixture of two or Move Substance. Component present im large Amount fs called golveut caren coe * small Qmouut & called Solwle Mi % of Solwle— Mass of Solute Mass of Solutou mass of A x 406 Mass of Soluhdu vite CM) - no: of Moles of Solute im per litre. Solution dooo it bf inversely Unit = mol VCmL) Pro por honad 2 temp Dike. Ly ((m): ho OF molec of solute in ber kq Solvent: —— ut fS ‘nde pendeut § Unit = mol Ma WAG) > OF temperature Kg X)- no: of moles of a Component to tHe totof No: of molec % Soluha x Joo Mart 45 per millfon ppm of A = a al Ka> OR He= Wa it % @ unitlese Ware WAtWA F Gavihty and wmtependenk 4, eu | sowaiuity: “diver , Max?mum Amouuvt OF Solute dissolved fr Joo mL Solvent Ao that Soluhon oecomes. like dissolve Like > Polar Swoshance are Solube fn lor Substance aval ‘soluble Non: foler} In exothermic, Solubility decreases usith ‘increase ‘py temp Th endothermic, Solubilihy (neveanes wilh iwereaae im top VENRY LAW > Paha pressure of a 7 {5-por0 t ib Mole frachou p= Ky Xa TA Com RAOULT'S LAW mole etic eo} ; At a constant temperatures the partiar J Vapour pressuve of each Component jw Soluhou fo equad the product of Vapour pressure of purt Component mMuln pliect by ilk mole bxachou > Py=bhaxLg - Shes ae A-@ are equal to wntevachov of A-A and B-@ which obey Raoult law. pr= at be e AYmyx =O Pa ° AM yx = oO kA> eg n-Hexane + yw Hebtan Xa=h mmole Frachon i Igro NON - IDEAL sousTION A-@ ‘intexachow Qre Not 2Qual tm Inlexachon of A-A and B-8 - AV tO : uulhich doeswt olpey Raoudt's avo Lau A-G interachon ave wedkey Ac 6 eM adiow are SkOngee tay A-A ana tan A-A Onc 6-8 Paiteachon SMONSC Man Ak ane AVeay = tve AVu.iawe av? Form minimum baling fea Maxi nam boiling A zeo hopes Q7Ze0bpeo C4 Aceone + equtat to mole frachou of Soluh on waitlilg Q You volahle solule fo alway Wgher se ere 4. | hg than b-pt of pure solvent 5 | | ATp am — AT = Kym Ebulioscopic where Kn > mola Clevahon Constat/ — couctaut U it of Kp * K Komol™ Nalue OF Ke dlepenol upon nature. of solvent: Fet of solution contai hing a non- volahle solute fo alwaye lower May f-pt of pure So\ veut OTe Xm Ot = Ke xm @heve Ke » molal depression constaut/ pryosteds OSMOTIC PRESSURE: Pressure applied on Solh side 1 to stop osmos' 1 cablect osmohc pressure txc —O tf =RXCKT Wet —®D v — Tempera ture Gas Quolaut a Onc a=Te , A and @ ave fsotonfc ta 21%, . A fo hypertonic Beet eB hyolonte Ter ae fk KMAL CULAR MASS Such molecular mass thet are either (aoer os Wgoher than the expected Ox nosmal values Wont Hof factor» {= Normal molay mass Alnormal ynolax mass Pp-Ps | Elevahen wm (loi ling Polnt STp= LX KpXmy Depression oe Cont ST = Ax ky Xs Osmotic ve t= UxXCxexT deqree Of oisSOUchou @) = 4-4 n-4 Relating lowering in Wel? degree of AssOcidhow ms £5 Yn -4 0 - AR XLQ 
